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On the erosion of the limits of the direct effect of EU directives

100%
Král R.
The Lawyer Quarterly
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2024
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vol. 14
|
issue 1
30-38
EN
The article identifies and assesses the different ways in which the Court of Justice of the EU (CJEU) has eroded its own general limits of the direct effect of EU directives. The article argues that while these different ways of erosion extend the admissibility of the direct effect of EU directives, they do so at the cost of significantly weakening legal certainty of the persons concerned, making these erosions highly questionable. The article highlights and criticises the most questionable form of such erosion, that emanating from the Mangold and Kücükdeveci line of case law of the CJEU. The article concludes that an adequate response to these questionable erosions should not be the acceptance of a general admissibility of the horizontal direct effect of EU directives. Rather, the response should be based on various efforts to reduce the occurrence of situations of improper transposition of EU directives – the main trigger for the direct effect of EU directives. These efforts should be accompanied by a comprehensive review of the Mangold and Kücükdeveci line of case law and a further clarification by the CJEU of the limits of the (in)admissibility of the direct effect of EU directives, which would considerably increase legal certainty for the persons concerned.
2
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Effectiveness of EU Directives in National Courts – Judicial Dialogue Continues: The Court of Justice’s Judgment in C-545/17 Pawlak

88%
Miąsik D., Szwarc M.
Polish Yearbook of International Law
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2019
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vol. 39
267-284
EN
This commentary on the Court of Justice’s ruling in the Pawlak case concentrates on questions of the judicial application of EU law, in particular EU Directives. On the basis of the recent jurisprudence of the Court the authors present three issues: 1) the incidental effects of EU law for the procedural provisions of Member States; 2) the inability to rely on an EU directive by a member state’s authority in order to exclude the application of national provisions which are contrary to a directive; 3) the limits of the duty to interpret national law in conformity with EU law from the perspective of the Court of Justice and the referring court. Further, the article presents the judicial practice of the Polish Supreme Court, and in particular the follow-up decision of this Court not only taking into the account the ruling of the ECJ but also showing how the limitation of a conforming interpretation can be overcome in order to give full effect to EU law. In the authors’ view, this case is worth noting as an example of judicial dialogue in the EU.
3
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The Application of EU Law by Polish Courts. General Remarks on 15 Years of Experience

75%
Domańska M., Miąsik D., Szwarc M.
Contemporary Central and East European Law
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2019
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issue 1 (133)
21-32
EN
The Court of Justice of the European Union operates on a case-by-case basis. This means that its decisions normally relate to specific problems occurring in a specific Member State. Consequently it is often hard to ‘translate’ this case law into the national legal system of a different Member State. Nevertheless the case law of the Court of Justice has consequences not only for the individual Member States. It also has harmonising effects. In this sense, the principles of primacy and of direct effect of EU provisions, as well as the obligation to interpret domestic law in conformity with EU law, operate as the minimum requirements which the legal systems of Member States must fulfil. Poland joined the European Union in May 2004. At that time the number of Member States increased to 25. The existence of avenues of judicial protection in the EU raised a number of questions from the very beginning. Now, after 15 years of experience it is time to consider the standard of application of EU law by Polish courts.
4
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Bezpośredni skutek „dyrektywy obrończej” w polskim procesie karnym

75%
Oleksy K.
Problemy Prawa Karnego
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2019
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vol. 3 (29)
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issue 3
23-50
EN
As of 27 November 2017 the deadline passed by which the European Union Directive 2013/48/EU on the right of access to a lawyer should have been implemented by the Member States in their respective legal systems. Poland completed the said responsibility only ostensibly, for no legal norms which regulate the standard of the right to formal defence contained in Polish Code of Criminal Procedure have been amended. This very situation makes it necessary to consider whether the norms of the directive in question may cause the so-called direct effect in Poland’s domestic legal system, particularly: whether prosecuted individuals may directly invoke the directive in order to, based on its content, seek the assistance of a lawyer in the course of criminal proceedings. Therefore, it stands to reason that, at least in relation to some of the competences envisioned in the directive, such eventuality exists, whereas in remainder of the cases the judicial bodies are obliged to interpret the respective norms of the Code of Criminal Procedure in pro-EU manner, thereby elevating the standard of right to formal defence present in Polish criminal proceedings. Nonetheless, the real transposition of this directive should be postulated, since invoking its direct effect cannot exempt a Member State from implementing it in accordance with EU treaties as a way to harmonize domestic legal systems.
5

Implementation of the Directive 2013/11/EU on Alternative Dispute Resolution for Consumer Disputes – Historical Background and Legal Consequences of a Failure to Transpose the Directive within the Prescribed Time

63%
Magoń K.
Zeszyty Naukowe Uniwersytetu Ekonomicznego w Krakowie
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2017
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issue 8(968)
91-106
EN
The purpose of this article is to undertake a legal analysis of the legal process of implementing Directive 2013/11/EU into the Polish legal order and to present the legal consequences of a failure to transpose the Directive within the prescribed period. In the first part, the author presents the description of work that has been done at the EU level on the alternative resolution of consumer disputes and evaluates the proposals for specific legal solutions presented in the course of this work. The author then presents the main issues and challenges associated with the process of the transposition of Directive 2013/11/EU. In particular, the author reflects on the direct effect of Directive 2013/11/EU, in both vertical and horizontal terms. As a result, the author concludes that the failure to implement the Directive in the prescribed period initiates the State’s liability to an individual for damage caused by the lack of proper implementation and imposes on the national courts the duty of applying a pro-EU interpretation of national law. In turn, in the light of the well-established case law of the CJEU, and given the nature of the analysed Directive, the lack of a proper implementation of Directive 2013/11/EU within the prescribed period, does not entitle the consumer to effectively assert his rights against the trader for non-fulfillment of the obligations resulting from the Directive.
PL
Celem artykułu jest przeprowadzenie analizy prawnej procesu implementacji dyrektywy 2013/11/UE do polskiego porządku prawnego oraz przedstawienie konsekwencji prawnych braku transpozycji dyrektywy w terminie. W pierwszej części autor prezentuje rys historyczny prac na poziomie Unii Eurpejskiej nad alternatywnymi sposobami rozwiązywania sporów konsumenckich oraz dokonuje oceny propozycji określonych rozwiązań prawnych przedstawianych w toku tych prac. Następnie przedstawione są główne problemy i wyzwania związane z procesem transpozycji postanowień dyrektywy 2013/11/UE. W szczególności prowadzone są rozważania na temat bezpośredniej skuteczności dyrektywy 2013/11/UE w ujęciu wertykalnym oraz horyzontalnym. Autor dochodzi do wniosku, że brak terminowej implementacji dyrektywy w sprawie konsumenckiego ADR aktualizuje odpowiedzialność odszkodowawczą państwa w stosunku do jednostki za szkodę wyrządzoną brakiem implementacji oraz nakłada na sądy krajowe obowiązek stosowania tzw. prounijnej wykładani prawa krajowego. Natomiast w świetle ugruntowanego orzecznictwa TSUE oraz mając na uwadze charakter przedmiotowej dyrektywy, brak prawidłowej implementacji dyrektywy 2013/11/UE w terminie nie uprawnia konsumenta do skutecznego dochodzenia swoich praw przeciwko przedsiębiorcy z tytułu braku realizacji obowiązków płynących z dyrektywy.
6

Polish Judiciary and the Constitutional Fidelity. „In Judges We Trust”?

51%
Koncewicz T. T.
Nowa kodyfikacja prawa karnego
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2017
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vol. 43
265-277
EN
As the Polish government continues to strike at the very heart of the rule of law by refusing to implement, and publish, the judgments of the Constitutional Court, the issue of legal consequences of a judgment delivered, but unpublished and/or unimplemented, comes to the fore. The primary objective of the analysis is to show how disabling the Constitutional Court and constitutional capture of checks-and-balances should translate into the case law of ordinary judges. This latter aspect received only scant attention from the academia. Ordinary courts have their own promises to fulfill when faced with the all-out capture of constitutional essentials making up Polish legal order. As we move forward, these courts should be ready to take on the mantle of quasi-constitutional courts and defend the integrity of the system. Whether they are ready to perform such systemic function is a different question altogether.
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