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PL
Ustawa o gospodarce nieruchomościami przewiduje bonifikatę obligatoryjną w odniesieniu do nieruchomości zabytkowych oraz bonifikatę fakultatywną dotyczącą nieruchomości zbywanych w określonym celu i na rzecz określonych podmiotów. Celem opracowania jest analiza zasad i warunków stosowania bonifikat przy sprzedaży nieruchomości publicznych na przykładzie Gminy Kraków. Przeanalizowano obowiązujące przepisy prawne, oraz procedury udzielania bonifikat przez Gminę Kraków ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem zakresu udzielonych bonifikat, ich wysokości, rodzaju nieruchomości których dotyczą, cen z uwzględnieniem bonifikaty. Wskazano na problemy dotyczące ustalania zakresu bonifikaty ustawowej odnoszącej się do nieruchomości zabytkowych a także związane z obowiązkiem zwrotu bonifikaty fakultatywnej.
EN
The Real Estate Management Act provides for an obligatory discount as far as historic properties are concerned, and an optional discount regarding properties sold for a specific purpose and to specific entities. The study aims to analyse the rules and conditions of granting discounts on the prices of public real properties based on the example of Krakow Municipality. The existing legal provisions and procedures for granting discounts by Krakow Municipality are analysed, with particular focus on the scope of the discounts, their amount, the type of real properties concerned, discounted prices. The problems associated with determining the scope of the statutory discount relating to historic properties, as well as those regarding the repayment of the optional discount are highlighted.
EN
In the business world, it is generally observed that the supplier gives a cash discount due to advance payment. The buyer may either pay off the total purchase cost or a fraction of the total purchase cost before receiving the products. If the buyer makes full payment then he receives a cash discount instantly. If the buyer pays a fraction of the total pur chase cost, then he receives the cash discount while paying the remaining amount at the time of receiving the lot. Moreover, in most of the inventory models, it is generally assumed that the delivered lot contains only perfect items. But in reality, the presence of imperfect items in the received lot cannot be overlooked as it will affect the total profit of the system. Thus, the study of inventory models considering the presence of imperfect items in the lot makes the model more realistic and it has received much attention from inventory managers. This paper develops a model that jointly considers imperfect quality items and the concept of an advance payment scheme (full and partial). The objective is to determine optimal ordering quantity to maximise the total profit of the system. The necessary theoretical results showing the existence of global maximum is derived. The model is illustrated with the help ofnumerical examples, and sensitivity analysis is carried out on some important system parameters to see the effects on the total profit of the system. The study shows that a full advance payment scheme is beneficial for the buyer.
EN
The article treats about transformation of the perpetual usufruct into full ownership under the act dated 20 July 2018 with particular focus on the newest amendment (13 June 2019). Analysis of all issues is based on the one-year experience of application of the use of the Act. On special attention deserves issue of the new subject of transformation and discounts of payment due to acquisition of ownership.
EN
Polish enterprises are increasingly willing to use factoring as an external source of financing. In the economic turnover it takes the form of a complex, legal relationship, unregulated in modern, legal systems. In addition to the financial implications, it triggers also tax related consequences, and insufficient clarification of legal regulation brings up many dilemmas related to taxation. When it comes to taxation on goods and services, the most important matter is to determine the basis of this taxation. The Goods and Services Tax Act provides the broad catalog of exceptions from taxation such as financial intermediation. The debt collection activities, including factoring, are not covered by the scope of this exemption.
PL
Faktoring jest coraz częściej stosowaną przez polskie przedsiębiorstwa formą finansowania. W obrocie gospodarczym przyjmuje on postać złożonego stosunku prawnego, nieuregulowanego kompleksowo we współczesnych systemach prawnych. Jego zastosowanie, oprócz skutków finansowych, wywołuje także konsekwencje podatkowe. Niedostateczne sprecyzowanie uregulowań prawnych powoduje pojawienie się wielu dylematów związanych z opodatkowaniem. Najważniejszą kwestią na gruncie podatku od towarów i usług jest rozstrzygnięcie, co jest przedmiotem i podstawą opodatkowania. Ustawa o podatku od towarów i usług przewiduje szeroki katalog zwolnień przedmiotowych z opodatkowania, dotyczących między innymi pośrednictwa finansowego. Zakresem tego zwolnienia nie są jednak objęte czynności ściągania długów, w tym faktoringu.
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