Search results - CEJSH

1

Income from Women’s Gainful Employment Compared to Household Income

100%

Ulman P.

Folia Oeconomica Stetinensia

|

2014

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vol. 14

|

issue 1

63-77

EN

Various statistical analyses reveal that the position of women in the labour market is worse when compared to men. In the majority, or nearly in all countries of the EU, women obtain lower income than men and are in a greater risk of becoming unemployed. The problem of such differentiation in the labour market is still valid despite the various activities at the EU agenda aimed at reducing these disparities. The aim of this paper was to present the income situation of women who remain in a formal or informal relationship with men and to identify the factors which affect such a situation without making any reference to the problem of discrimination. The author used the data from Polish household budget survey of 2011.

2

Disability Studies wobec natury postaw dyskryminujących

87%

Wlazło M.

Interdyscyplinarne Konteksty Pedagogiki Specjalnej

|

2017

|

issue 16

117-127

EN

Alongside the development of disability studies (interdisciplinary and critical studies on disability), the awareness of “false universalization of disability” increased. It was realized that both theoretical and practical abuse is to treat disability as the main and even the only factor that binds the environment of people with disabilities. The configurations of the aspects of oppression and discriminatory attitudes have been in fact much more complex and elaborate than it was originally thought according to the promotion of the social model of disability. This article addresses the problem of multiple and simultaneous oppression, in which disability co-exists among other factors, e.g. gender, race or age as equally important with respect to marginalization, violation of rights and social exclusion.

PL

With the development of disability studies the awareness of “false universalization of disability” increased. It was realized that both theoretical and practical abuse is to treat disability as the main and even the only factor that binds the environment of people with disabilities. The configurations of the aspects of oppression and discriminatory attitudes have been in fact much more complex and elaborate than it was originally thought according to the promotion of the social model of disability. The article addresses the problem of multiplicity and simultaneous oppression, in which disability co-exists among other factors, considering gender, race or age of human as no less important factors of marginalization, violation of law and social exclusion.

3

Męskość fabrykowana Rzecz o homospołeczności

85%

Skucha M.

Śląskie Studia Polonistyczne

|

2016

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vol. 8

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issue 1-2

35-57

EN

The article is devoted to the issue of homosociety. The term became popularized by Eve Kosofsky Sedgwick in her book Between Men. English Literature and Male Homosocial Desire (1985). It refers to all the relationships between men who support one another’s strivings and interests, and who at the same time constitute a group grounded on the discrimination of women and homosexuals. This phenomenon is based for example on the “trade of women”: men exchange women, thus creating patriarchal and patrilineal relations. The issue has been extensively analysed by a great number of researchers (e.g. Luce Irigaray, Adrienne Rich, Pierre Bourdieu, Judith Butler, and in Poland: Maria Janion, Błażej Warkocki, Tomasz Basiuk or Jacek Kochanowski). The work is also worth noting is The Role of Eroticism in Male Society (Die Rolle der Erotik in der männlichen Gesellschaft) by Hans Blüher, who viewed male bonding (homosocial and homosexual) as the key to building and developing society.

4

DISCRIMINATION, DEMOCRACY, AND POSTMODERN HUMAN RIGHTS

80%

Wypych B.

Polish Political Science Yearbook

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2013

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vol. 42

163-184

EN

The question of discrimination, as far as it is considered in the field of philosophy, cannot be perceived as a problem which can be effectively combated. Even the most precise diagnosis of human nature will not restrain people from defining others as evil and inferior. The most universal and spacious conventions, declarations, cards or bills will not solve the problem either. They can be regarded as an example of applied philosophy at most. On the other hand, we should pose the question what the world would look like if political pragmatism were the main obligatory rule. Thus, the situation finds us between philosophical wishful thinking about a global order free from discrimination and macro – or micropolitical pragmatism.

5

The influence of irrelevant variables on classification error in rules induction

80%

Kubus M., Politechnika Opolska; Wydział Inżynierii Produkcji i Logistyki; Instytut Matematyki i Fizyki

Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Oeconomica

|

2011

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vol. 255

PL

Typowym zadaniem data mining jest wykrycie niespodziewanych i systematycznych relacji w danych, gdy nie ma wcześniejszych oczekiwań co do natury tych relacji. W dużych zbiorach, które nie były zgromadzone w celu prowadzonej przez badacza analizy, zwykle występuje wiele zmiennych nieistotnych, co może obniżyć jakość modelu dyskryminacyjnego. W takich sytuacjach stosowane są metody selekcji zmiennych. W nieparametrycznych i adaptacyjnych metodach dyskryminacji (drzewa klasyfikacyjne, indukcja reguł) selekcja zmiennych jest częścią algorytmu uczącego. Za pomocą symulacji badany jest wpływ zmiennych nieistotnych na błąd klasyfikacji w tych metodach.

6

Szacunki luki płacowej w Polsce w ujęciu regionalnym

80%

Śliwicki D.

Optimum. Studia Ekonomiczne

|

2017

|

vol. 4(88)

PL

Celem artykułu jest określenie wpływu metody szacunku średniego wynagrodzenia na wielkość oraz kierunek luki płacowej w Polsce w ujęciu regionalnym. Luka płacowa pomiędzy mężczyznami a kobietami jest negatywnym zjawiskiem badanym i opisywanym w coraz szerszym kontekście. Środowiska naukowe oraz praktycy polityki społecznej wykształcili metody pozwalające na pomiar wielkości luki. Metodologia stosowana przez organy Unii Europejskiej dostarcza tzw. nieskorygowanych szacunków luki płacowej, czyli takich, które nie uwzględniają indywidualnych cech mężczyzn i kobiet. W artykule zaprezentowano szacunki luki płacowej według województw, uzyskane dzięki metodologii europejskiej z wykorzystaniem ośmiu różnych wielkości charakteryzujących przeciętne wynagrodzenia osiągane przez mężczyzn i kobiety.

EN

The aim of the paper is to determine the impact of average pay estimation on the size and direction of the pay gap in Poland in regional terms. The pay gap between men and women is a negative phenomenon that has been analysed and described in an increasingly broader context. Scientific communities and social policy practitioners have developed methods for measuring the size of the gap. The methodology used by the bodies of the European Union allows researchers to obtain the so called unadjusted wage gap estimates, i.e. ones that do not take into account the individual characteristics of men and women. The paper presents the wage gap estimates by province, calculated on the basis of the European methodology, with the use of eight different variables which characterise the average pay earned by men and women.

7

UNEMPLOYMENT AND LABOR MARKET POLICY IN VISEGRAD GROUP COUNTRIES

80%

Zieliński M.

Equilibrium. Quarterly Journal of Economics and Economic Policy

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2015

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vol. 10

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issue 3

185-201

EN

In the recent years, an economic crisis has appeared in most economies. It affected the labor market situation. This article refers to the changes in the labor markets of the Visegrad Group countries. The analysis concerns the relations between the economic crisis, the level and structure of unemployment (taking into account the situation of women and young people as the groups strongly exposed to unemployment), and the level and structure of expenditures within the labor market policy. The article is based on the data published by Eurostat, using the tools of descriptive statistics, and statistical indexes, in particular. The research period covers the years 2007-2012, which is dictated by the availability of comparable statistical data. An analysis of the data indicates that the economic crisis increased the economic activity of the population, which contributed to an increase in unemployment. There is no discrimination against women in the labor market, but there has been a serious increase in unemployment among young people. With the increase in unemployment, the expenditures on the total labor market policy have increased, as have those on passive labor market policies and labor market service. Expenditures on active labor market policies (ALMPs) grow relatively more slowly, which may be especially evident in the case of expenditure on training.

8

Atheism and discrimination in the face of contemporary changes in the world

80%

Łopuszańska U., Zacharska A., Gierszon P., Samardakiewicz M.

Kultura-Społeczeństwo-Edukacja

|

2020

|

vol. 17

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issue 1

289-297

EN

The aim of this article is to present the situation of atheists around the world in the face of political and cultural changes in the world due to the increase in religious radicalism, particularly Islamic one, migration and terrorism. The article is of an illustrative character and presents the review of English literature in the scope of the discussed subject matter. Furthermore, the results of the latest global reports on prevalence of atheism in the world and the phenomenon of discrimination against persons not identifying with any faith: atheists, humanists or freethinkers were presented. The results of the selected, recent studies on the social perception of atheists and the phenomena of discrimination against them were shown. Another raised issue was the new social movement called New Atheism widespread mainly in the countries of the Western culture that in the future can constitute a new social and political challenge. Conclusions: Between 2005 and 2012 the number of atheists increased by 3% and currently they constitute 13% of the population of the world, while the percentage of religious people decreased by 9%. Atheists like other minority groups are discriminated against and their situation is dependent on the country in which they live. However, the vast majority of countries in the world violates the rights of persons identifying themselves as atheists. Still, in some countries, the declaration of atheism is forbidden, and in 13 countries the death penalty can be imposed.

9

Ateizm i dyskryminacja w obliczu współczesnych zmian na świecie

80%

Łopuszańska U., Zacharska A., Gierszon P., Samardakiewicz M.

Kultura-Społeczeństwo-Edukacja

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2020

|

vol. 17

|

issue 1

279-287

EN

The aim of this article is to present the situation of atheists around the world in the face of political and cultural changes in the world due to the increase in religious radicalism, particularly Islamic one, migration and terrorism. The article is of an illustrative character and presents the review of English literature in the scope of the discussed subject matter. Furthermore, the results of the latest global reports on prevalence of atheism in the world and the phenomenon of discrimination against persons not identifying with any faith: atheists, humanists or freethinkers were presented. The results of the selected, recent studies on the social perception of atheists and the phenomena of discrimination against them were shown. Another raised issue was the new social movement called New Atheism widespread mainly in the countries of the Western culture that in the future can constitute a new social and political challenge.

10

Polityka integracyjna mniejszości romskiej w Szwecji – model i dobre praktyki

80%

Kościółek J.

Politeja : Pismo Wydziału Studiów Miedzynarodowych i Politycznych Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego

|

2014

|

issue 5(31/1)

363-377

EN

Sweden is inhabited by the biggest Roma people population among Nordic countries. The community is however very diverse in reference regarding the language spoken, the belief, and origin. For years this particular minority had been marginalized and even persecuted by the Swedish administration. Only since 1999 it gained the national minority status, which resulted in legal protection from the government and farther integration possibilities for the community that suffered social, political and cultural exclusion in the past. Sweden is perceived presently as country with one of the best Roma integration policy, reaching far beyond the EU minimal standards. Malmö is that Swedish city that may play as a pattern for the effective, successful inclusive approach towards Roma community. The discussed solutions implemented by the city council can play as example of conditions to be followed in order to successfully integrate Roma people.

11

Prawa wyborcze osób niepełnosprawnych w świetle przepisów Konstytucji RP oraz Konwencji o prawach osób niepełnosprawnych – wybrane problemy

80%

Wojnowska-Radzińska J.

Studia BAS

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2015

|

issue 2(42)

219-237

EN

This Article provides an overview of the current problems concerning the political rights of persons with disabilities, i.e. the right to vote and be elected. The Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities guarantees that persons with disabilities should have the opportunity to be actively involved in decision-making processes about policies and programmes, including those directly concerning them. However, despite various instruments and undertakings, persons with disabilities continue to face barriers in their participation as equal members of society and violations of their human rights in all parts of the world.

12

Uwarunkowania przeciwdziałania zjawisku dyskryminacji osób niskich w przestrzeni publicznej i projektowaniu użytkowym – w perspektywie stanowienia i stosowania prawa

80%

Przystaś A.

Studia Prawa Publicznego

|

2023

|

issue 2 (42)

95-120

EN

The study is devoted to legal and factual conditions of the social situation of short people, in particular, in terms of actual and potential areas of risk of discrimination based on height, that does not correspond to the average in a given society. The article indicates the extent of height discrimination, referred to as heightism, and deals with social behaviours that can be classified as unfair and violating the subjective rights of a group of people who are characterized by their below-average height compared to the social average. This manifests itself in various aspects, including communication practices established in society, such as the infantilization of short people, which in turn negatively affects other spheres of these people’s social functioning. Moreover, discrimination in the social sphere is also evident in the employment opportunities offered to people of short stature – they are perceived as less experienced and less competent. It is also a problem that employers set requirements regarding the parameters of job applicants in situations where these is not actually necessary for the proper performance of the tasks required. What’s more, there is discrimination hindering, and sometimes severely limiting, the possibility of using public utility facilities (functioning in the public sphere), and utility items referring to the private sphere.Based on the analysis of case-law related to the situation of people of short stature and also anti-discriminatory solutions functioning in other countries, specific remedies for discrimination against short people have been proposed, which should be applied both in Polish legislation and in the implementation of existing law. The idea here is to expand the guarantee norms contained in the Polish constitution so that they explicitly prohibit discrimination on the grounds of height.

13

Effectiveness of Symbolic Classification Trees Vs. Noisy Variables

80%

Dudek A., Pełka M., Chair of Econometrics and Informatics U. o. E.

Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Oeconomica

|

2009

|

vol. 228

PL

W rzeczywistych problemach badawczych często oprócz zmiennych istotnych mamy do czynienia ze zmiennymi zakłócającymi (nieistotnymi). Nie zawsze można dokonać wyboru zmiennych istotnych, np. za pomocą metody HINoV, lub zmodyfikowanej metody HINoV. W artykule porównano efektywność wykrywania znanej struktury klas za pomocą drzew klasyfikacyjnych dla obiektów symbolicznych oraz jądrowej analizy dyskryminacyjnej obiektów symbolicznych w sytuacji, gdy mamy do czynienia ze zmiennymi zakłócającymi. Badanie efektywności przeprowadzono na symulowanych danych symbolicznych w różnych modelach. Każdy z modeli zawierał znaną liczbę klas. Dodatkowo do każdego modelu dodano różną liczbę zmiennych zakłócających.

EN

In real research problems we usually deal with relevant variables and irrelevant (noisy) variables. Relevant variables sometimes can not be identified, by for example HINoV method or modified HINoV method. This paper compares effectiveness detection o f known class structure with application o f symbolic decision trees and symbolic kernel discriminant analysis in situation where we deal with noisy variables. This research was conducted on artificial symbolic data from a variety o f models. The models contained known structure o f clusters. In addition, the models contained different number o f noisy variables added to obscure the underlying structure.

14

Should Title VII of the United States Code Prohibiting Sex Discrimination Be Based on Sexual Orientation: An Argument

80%

Schatkin A. J.

Academicus. International Scientific Journal

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2020

|

issue 22

123-126

EN

The article considers the issue of what is sex and sexual orientation discrimination and should under the federal statute 2000 Esexual orientation be encompassed under the term sex. The statute has long been intrepreted as directed to physical sex and not read as including sex orientation as an aspect of sex. The article however traces and identifies a clear trend in the federal court system of the United States to interpreting and includng sexual orientation or homosexuality and lesbianism within this statute’s prohibition against traditional sex discrimimation. The author holds the view that homosexuality and sexual orientation should be given the same and equal protection as sex discrimimation in the federal courts of the United States and in time this statute will rightly be interpreted not only to include sex discriminataion as directed in its tradidtional understanding but be analayzed and interpreted to include protection against sexual orientation discrimination.

15

Migrant Domestic Workers in Europe: the Need for a Better Protection

80%

Tyc A.

Adam Mickiewicz University Law Review

|

2017

|

vol. 7

141-157

EN

Migrant domestic workers are estimated at approximately 11.5 million persons worldwide. European women are being replaced in their household chores by immigrant women, e.g. from Africa, Asia and Eastern Europe. The paper focuses on human labour rights of domestic migrant workers, especially from the point of view of the typology which divides international standards concerning labour as a matter of human rights into four groups: rights relating to employment (eg. the prohibition of slavery and forced labour); rights deriving from employment (eg. the right to social security, the right to just and favourable conditions of work); rights concerning equal treatment and nondiscrimination, and instrumental rights (eg. the right to organise, the right to strike). The aim of this paper is to reveal insufficient effectiveness of human labour rights according to the above-mentioned typology. Thus, the author will concentrate on the issues of modern slavery, hyper-precarity and discrimination.

16

Ochrona przed nierównym traktowaniem spółek powołanych przez osoby prawne związków wyznaniowych w europejskim systemie praw człowieka

80%

Skwarzyński M.

Przegląd Sejmowy

|

2018

|

issue 2(145)

71–88

EN

The article presents normative possibilities of protecting companies created by legal persons of religious organizations against discrimination. The discussed protection stems from the human rights system. It seems that the system of human rights protection does not apply to non-human entities, although at times it does protect the rights of legal persons. Research analysis of the human rights norms and the case law of the European Court of Human Rights in Strasbourg allow determining the important protective elements defi ned in the human rights system. Three scopes of protection may be differentiated: protection of freedom of conscience and religion — Art. 9 of the ECHR; a person’s right to peaceful enjoyment of his possessions — art. 1 Protocol 1 to the ECHR; prohibition of discrimination — art. 14 ECHR

17

Nowa Zelandia: Wyrok Sądu Najwyższego z dnia 21 listopada 2022 r. w sprawie Make It 16 Incorporated vs. Attorney-General (dotyczący wieku uprawniającego do głosowania w wyborach), sygn. akt SC 14/2022

80%

Rulka M.

Przegląd Sejmowy

|

2023

|

issue 3(176)

195-207

EN

In Make It 16 Incorporated vs. the Attorney-General, 21 November 2022, the Supreme Court of New Zealand ruled that existing legislation that does not allow people to vote in elections before the age of 18 is discriminatory because it is inconsistent with the New Zealand Bill of Rights Act 1990, which guarantees citizens freedom from age discrimination after the age of 16. The New Zealand Supreme Court has issued a declaration of incompatibility in this regard. However, this does not oblige either the government or parliament to lower the voting age.

18

Is the right to equal pay for equal work or work of equal value distant reality or only utopia?

80%

Nevická D., Ladiverová E.

The Lawyer Quarterly

|

2022

|

vol. 12

|

issue 3

282-289

EN

In the presented article we analyze the issue of equal pay for equal work or work of equal value. The principle of equal pay is regulated quite broadly in European legislation; however, its practical application does not correspond to the intention of the legislators and the pay gap in the European Union is still at the level of 14.1%. The authors deal with Slovak and European legislation, case law of the Court of Justice of the European Union as well as a new directive of the European Parliament and the Council, which strengthens the application of the principle of equal pay for men and women for equal work or work of equal value through transparency of remuneration and stronger enforcement mechanisms. Will this new legislative framework be without an impact on application practice, or can the new directive really help to eliminate the pay gap and thus prevent disputes? What is the role of so-called single source? The authors are of the opinion that the form of transposition of the Directive by the Member States will be a key variable in answering the presented question.

19

Fruit of the poisonous tree? Situation testing as a proof in discrimination cases

80%

Wencel K.

Studia Prawnicze

|

2010

|

issue 3-4(185-186)

273-299

EN

The article presents an issue of using the results of situation testing in discrimination cases. It consists of two main parts: the first one describes experience of other EU countries in conducting situation testings and using their results in lawsuits. The second one is an analysis of Polish legal regulations in this respect. Situation testing is an experimental technique aiming at proving discriminatory behaviours. It has been developed and conducted in the United States and the United Kingdom from the 1960s, initially in housing and employment sector. Later on it has been adopted in certain European Union states, such as: Belgium, Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, the Netherlands, Slovakia, Sweden, Hungary and Latvia. France, Hungary and Belgium are examples of the countries where using their results as evidences is regulated directly by the law. But even over there it has been problematic and posed a lot of questions as for the legality, methodology and “moral” aspects of the technique. In Poland the method is not known, nor is it applied in practice. Although the Polish legal system does not provide for the possibility to use in the court the results of the experimental tests, it would not be completely unlikely to do so. Bearing in mind experience of other EU countries where acceptance of situation testing and using its results in the judicial proceedings has not come easily but finally became reality, conducting tests in Poland does not seem impossible. However certain obstacles may appear. Undoubtedly not only judges would play the important role but also lawyers-activists who are invited to conduct such a test, present in the court its results and popularize the idea of situation testing in Poland.

20

Challenge of Sport Towards Social Inclusion and Awareness-Raising Against Any Discrimination

80%

Marivoet S.

Physical Culture and Sport. Studies and Research

|

2014

|

vol. 63

|

issue 1

3-11

EN

Sport presents itself as a social configuration that enhances social inclusion by promoting tolerance, respect for others, cooperation, loyalty and friendship, and values associated with fair play, the most important ethical principles of sport. However, intolerance and exclusion can also be expressed in sport, certainly even more so the bigger the social inequalities and the ethnic, religious, gender, disability, and sexual orientation prejudices are in society. The processes of social exclusion, integration, and inclusion are research areas in the social sciences with consolidated knowledge, namely in the study of the problems of poverty, social inequalities, racial and ethnic discrimination, disability, and education. However, it is necessary to discuss the existing theoretical approaches and conceptions seen as explanatory principles of the reality of these fields of analysis, look at how they can frame the reality on the sports field, and then confirm them through empirical research in order to produce knowledge based on the reality of social facts. Despite the broad consensus on the potential of sport in promoting social inclusion, in this paper I stress that this potential can only become real if the orientation of sport includes strategies aimed at achieving these goals. I intend to show how the –social issue‖ in the field of sports has gained relevance in the institutional context, and thereby a new field of research for the social science of sport has been opened and needs to be deepened.

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