Search results - CEJSH

1

Adware as one form of disinformation

100%

Szczepkowski D., Szczepkowski P.

Studia Administracji i Bezpieczeństwa

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2021

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issue 10

197-208

EN

Human existence has allowed a dynamic development of technology, particularly in cyberspace. One of these technologies is the internet, which has become an inseparable part of man’s everyday life. This state of affairs increasingly blurs the boundary between real and virtual life. It is evident in the current pandemic situation, where society has been forced to live in confinement for fear of health. This has resulted in increased activity and the use of cyberspace, creating greater opportunities for cybercriminals. One of these threats is disinformation on the internet, especially in social networks. The following article outlines the threat of disinformation and its methods of spreading it through adware modules.

2

Disinformation – and what else?

80%

Chałubińska-Jentkiewicz K.

Cybersecurity and Law

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2021

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vol. 6

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issue 2

9-19

EN

The fundamental element of safety and of the presence of a sense of security is their being communicated to the public, which precedes development based on common perceptions and interpretations of the surrounding reality. With the development of societies, the progress of digitalisation in the field of communication, and the smooth transmission of information and data, the individualisation and specialisation of communications leading to completely new forms of activity, and social media and messages which are not addressed to the public, have become increasingly important. This refers to all events and phenomena in the public sphere, and its impact on civic life, the manner of its assessment, and the narrative which arises, and which is considered to be true by certain social groups or societies, as they can identify themselves with it, and, finally, treat it as their own – post truth.

3

Threats to State Security in the Aspect of Disinformation

80%

Dukiewicz T.

Security Dimensions: International & National Studies

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2021

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vol. 37(37)

66-75

EN

Information in the aspect of security plays a significant role in influencing the spectrum of the functioning of the state. In today’s information chaos, information has become a tool of manipulation and disinformation, also used in the implementation of strategic goals of a given country. States can thus achieve their strategic goals because it is less costly, more difficult to detect, and allows some sort of manipulation of the rationale behind such actions. Such countries include countries for which democracy is only a concept. It can be indicated that information is a raw material that, in the process of manipulation and disinformation, becomes a kind of a tool that can be used in a targeted way. The issue of fighting disinformation is of key importance today.

4

Disinformation as a threat to national security on the example of the COVID-19 pandemic

80%

Sługocki W. Ł., Sowa B.

Security and Defence Quarterly

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2021

EN

Nowadays, the vast majority of the threats to our security is related to information security, resulting in a significant transformation of national security systems. One such threat is disinformation, which is increasingly being used intentionally. The study examines certain impacts of disinformation on national security as a system, on the example of the COVID-19 pandemic. Therefore, the study explores some processes visible at the international level and reviews some external problems in connection with national security. Research methods and techniques implemented in the research process itself are primarily based on a critical analysis of the literature and the analysis and synthesis of published research results. The main findings show that the phenomenon of disinformation, which intensifies in crisis situations (e.g. related to the outbreak of a pandemic) contributes to the destabilization of public mood, hinders the functioning of the basic organs of the state and, consequently, increases the negative effects of crisis events. Secondly, the disinformation used during the COVID-19 pandemic has exacerbated its effects, causing damage on an unprecedented scale. The analyses show that the fight against disinformation must be based on the assumption that the security of the state depends primarily on the information awareness of each citizen. Social awareness is built through effective education aimed at raising basic medical knowledge. Disinformation has serious consequences for modern countries as it creates a new threat to their national security in peacetime.

5

Polskie media o wojnie na Ukrainie – przegląd ważniejszych wydarzeń pierwszego półrocza 2022 roku

80%

Stalmach S.

Cybersecurity and Law

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2023

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vol. 9

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issue 1

215-242

EN

The war that Russia has been waging against Ukraine since 2022 is brutal and described as full-scale, i.e. with the use of all forces and means. In the era of dynamically developing media, information has also become a weapon that is consciously used in this conflict. When reviewing the most important information that was the focus of interest of a large part of the media in Poland during the first half of the year after the Russian attack on Ukraine, it can be stated that the media in Poland extensively inform about the war in Ukraine, but they do not limit themselves to reporting the conflict, they also refer to to disinformation and propaganda, and even touch on the sphere of resentment that is still alive between different countries. The summary of information makes it clear how important the media are in the modern world and that care for their development and securing the media infrastructure is a strategic task of the state.

6

Russia’s social-impact operations in the context of cognitive warfare in Ukraine in 2022

80%

Krawczyk P., Wiśnicki J.

Cybersecurity and Law

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2023

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vol. 9

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issue 1

194-203

EN

In this article, we attempt to identify Russia’s social-impact operations in the context of information operations conducted by the Russian Federation during 2022 in the war against Ukraine. The need to undertake the analysis of the creation and proliferation of information threats, as a result of Russia’s actions in the ongoing conflict, is dictated by the growing impact of communication processes on global security. This article discusses the impact and role of mass media on the shaping of people’s minds, by exposing the mechanisms behind the formation of public opinion.

7

The origins and consequences of news media’s securitization – introducing the concept of news security

80%

Filipiak A., Wiśniewski R.

Przegląd Zachodni

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2020

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issue 1 (374)

313-328

EN

In the past several years, trends in both international security and media environments have led to successful securitization of news media. Amid growing debate about “fake news”, disinformation campaigns and hybrid warfare, news came to be viewed as a weapon of contemporary international conflict. Based on Adam Mickiewicz University’s experience of participation in a global education and research program “News Literacy” (devised at Stony Brook University, New York, USA) the authors would like to propose the concept of news security. It is a relatively new sector of security related to the public’s protection from deliberate disinformation and the manipulation of news. This relatively new and promising area of research is strongly connected to the broader concepts of human security and cybersecurity. Access to reliable and truthful information can be viewed as a human right and a precondition for stable and healthy functioning of democratic societies. At the same time, current threats to news security are highly conditioned by technology revolution in media (driven by digitalization and network effects). The article aims to present the concept of news security and its constituting features as another approach to study and practice of both human security and cybersecurity. It also includes insights and experiences derived from the authors’ participation in the “News Literacy” project, focused on critical media education for a better informed public. Analysis presented in the article focuses on identifying key drivers and characteristics of news’securitization taking place globally. The authors examine the statistical data on digitalization and media consumption patterns, as well as analyze a case study of disinformation. A typology of strategies employed by different states to ensure news security is presented and comments on their effectiveness are made.

8

The Concept of Information Metabolism by Antoni Kępiński and the Mechanism of Information Manipulation. Conditions for Effectiveness and Ways of Counteraction

80%

Aleksandrowicz T.

Security Dimensions: International & National Studies

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2020

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vol. 33(33)

150-165

EN

In the modern security environment, information warfare is an increasingly important threat. The purpose of this article is to determine the conditions for the effective achievement of political objectives through the manipulation of information and disinformation. The conducted research used system analysis, also using case studies, generalizations and synthesis. This allowed to state that the key condition for the effectiveness of conducted information attacks is the mechanism described in the works of Antoni Kępiński as information metabolism. This makes it possible to formulate a postulate on the need to counteract such attacks based on building defensive and offensive capabilities of the state in the sphere of information warfare.

9

Disinformation as one of the key contemporary security issues. Review of the book by Robert Kupiecki, Filip Bryjka, Tomasz Chłoń, “International disinformation. Concept, recognition, counteraction”, (“Dezinformacja międzynarodowa. Pojęcie, rozpoznanie, przeciwdziałanie), Scholar Scientific Publishing House (Wydawnictwo Naukowe Scholar): Warszawa 2022, pp. 313

80%

Sikorski J.

Studia Administracji i Bezpieczeństwa

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2023

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vol. 15(15)

333-341

EN

The article discusses the monograph entitled “International Disinformation. Concept, recognition, counteraction”. It was pointed out that it is an excellent compendium of knowledge on this subject and can also be successfully used as an academic textbook.

10

Strategies, pillars, operations of influence – the specifics of Russian propaganda and disinformation

70%

Orzechowski M.

Reality of Politics

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2023

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issue 25

133-144

EN

This paper aim to explore that Russian propaganda has a long historical tradition and a rich instrumentarium. The development of the internet and social media has increased the possibilities for distributing propaganda messages. The principal objective of Russian propaganda is to influence the public opinion in cooperation with persons acting as translators, and to distribute contents – in various national languages – in conformity with the Russian policy and ideology. A tangible objective is to change the opinion about the Russian Federation and its policy so that one negative opinion is matched with at least three positive ones.

11

Strategic communications: current state within security and defence sector

70%

Kushnir V., Izhutova I.

Reality of Politics

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2021

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issue 16

68-77

EN

In the current dynamic world the strategic communications (STRATCOM) mean a comprehensive process which is aimed at developing, promoting, and distributing the required narratives and messages of any organization in order to form and ensure its positive image, inform counterparts (adversaries) and target audiences of the organization’s intents and positions, main tasks and achievements. While implementing the STRATCOM, it is very important to remember about their main rules and principles which are unique for both security and defence sector and business. Unfortunately, in the current “hybrid” measurement sometimes we should realize the effectiveness of the SC activities, thus it is necessary to define the measurements of effectiveness and performance for effective evaluation of activities. Ukraine has been repelling the aggression in the Eastern Ukraine since 2014 within massive hybrid warfare against it. This fact has caused the initiating a range of reform and innovative processes in Ukraine. Since then, we have known about the STRATCOM in Ukraine. In (Historical retrospective analysis of formation and development of strategic communications in security and defence sector of Ukraine) we have analyzed the process of development of the SC in security and defence sector. This process was speeded and pressed up by the warfare. Moreover, it was implemented in line with existing NATO principles and standards. Even the definition and concept of the STRATCOM were taken from the NATO documents. However, the reality reveals the necessity to revise the term definition and consider the implementation of business processes related to communications in security and defence sector. Some nations have already passed through this transformation and changed the approach to their SC. Even NATO Military Policy on Strategic Communications MC 0628 was successfully used until 2014. It is the STRATCOM baseline documents and it needed to be revised (NATO and Strategic Communications. The story so far. The Three Swords Magazine 33/2018. pp. 65–73). In the article the authors make some proposals how to improve the STRATCOM definition and improve the whole process of their realization.

12

Media Exposure to Conspiracy vs. Anti-conspiracy Information. Effects on the Willingness to Accept a COVID-19 Vaccine

70%

Buturoiu R., Udrea G., Dumitrache A. C., Corbu N.

Central European Journal of Communication

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2021

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vol. 14

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issue 2(29)

237-258

EN

The COVID-19 pandemic opened the doors for a corresponding “infodemic”, associated with various misleading narratives related to the SARS-CoV-2 virus. As the way to stop the pandemic was unveiled, misleading narratives switched from the disease itself to the vaccine. Nevertheless, a rather scarce corpus of literature has approached the effects of these narratives on the willingness to take a vaccine against COVID-19. This study investigates how exposure to conspiracy narratives versus information that counter these narratives influences people’s willingness to get vaccinated. Based on an experimental design, using a sample of Romanian students (N=301), this research shows that exposure to factual information related to COVID-19 vaccines meant to debunk conspiracy theories leads to higher willingness to vaccinate. Furthermore, this study shows that young, educated Romanians consider distant others to be more influenced by conspiracy theories on this topic, and, therefore, more prone to exhibit hesitancy towards COVID-19 vaccination.

13

THE RUSSIAN MASS-MEDIA MANIPULATION OF INFORMATION IN A HYBRID WAR AGAINST UKRAINE

70%

Wasiuta O., Wasiuta S.

Kultura Bezpieczeństwa. Nauka – Praktyka – Refleksje

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2015

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vol. 20(20)

332-357

EN

The article is devoted to the mass-media manipulation of information in Russia, in Russian-Ukrainian conflict with the help of the media controlled by government. The authors point out that the Kremlin has always manipulated the content of information, and with the beginning of the Revolution of Dignity manipulation and disinformation has gained unimaginable momentum, treating Maidan as a negative event, as a coup. At the moment of aggression in the network appeared hundreds of websites and social network groups, which “objectively” are informing about the events. The message of this campaign has become uprising against the new, legitimate government in Kiev.

14

In the digital world of (dis)information – from manipulation to knowledge and wisdom

70%

Borawska-Kalbarczyk K.

Problemy Opiekuńczo-Wychowawcze

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2020

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vol. 592(7)

3-19

EN

The aim of the article is to draw attention to the complexity and complicated process of conscious and responsible use of digital infosphere resources. The text presents selected threats related to the functioning of young Internet users in the world of digital information. In the article I develop the thesis that the source of the indicated difficulties and threats is the low level of information literacy, resulting, among others from an insufficient process of preparing students for conscious, reflective use of electronic media and co-creation of their content. I also point to the importance of digital wisdom understood as the prudent use of digital media in the process of obtaining, processing and creating information.

15

Information in the aspect of security threats and challenges

70%

Dukiewicz T.

Studia nad Autorytaryzmem i Totalitaryzmem

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2019

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vol. 41

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issue 1

83-93

EN

In the article, the author describes the driving force behind deliberate informational activities. He pays particular attention to the current security situation in the information dimension. Existing systems in the area of security management should be resistant to disinformation and informational operations. There is no room for the freedom of interpretation of the information acquired since every decision results in the actions of people, therefore it requires accuracy and caution. This issue takes on a special dimension when it concerns the state, because this environment contains specific features such as a changing environment, time scarcity and often verified information. Only efficient management of information processes can have a positive impact on the development and elimination of state threats. Actions involving psychological or informational influence may also be carried out by other entities, state-owned, non-state and private, including those located on their own territory. First and foremost, our security depends on ourselves and by taking it into special consideration we also increase the state’s resilience to internal and external threats.

16

FAKE NEWS – DEZINFORMACJA W MEDIACH INTERNETOWYCH I FORMY JEJ ZWALCZANIA W PRZESTRZENI MIĘDZYNARODOWEJ

70%

Łódzki B.

Polityka i Społeczeństwo

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2017

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issue 4(15)

19-30 (12)

EN

“Post-truth” was labeled as the most important word of the year 2016 by Oxford Dictionaries’ editorial board. The issue is directly linked to the growing phenomenon of „fake news”. In the age of rapidly developing online media, dissemination of distorted and untranslated information is becoming easier and more intense. This is facilitated by content distributed by social media users and, unfortunately, mainstream media. This phenomenon may also contribute to the intensification of disputes between political actors, political unrest, and impact on campaigns or election results. Ultimately, it can lead to the manipulation of international public opinion. The aim of the article is to present the role transnational technology companies play in disseminating „fake news”. Initiatives taken by selected parties to reduce this practice will be presented and characterized.

17

Appealing to compassion as an element of Russia’s hybrid warfare against the West

70%

Kaczmarek K.

Cybersecurity and Law

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2022

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vol. 7

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issue 1

51-60

EN

The advancement of information technology makes societies increasingly vulnerable to disinformation and manipulation. A skillfully conducted disinformation campaign may weaken the state’s potential and make it vulnerable to external influences. The article presents an outline of the possibilities of influencing mass behavior. An attempt will also be made to answer the question of whether the combination of knowledge in the field of neurobiology, mathematics, sociology, and other sciences combined with the use of artificial intelligence and big data allows for the development of a new type of cybernetic weapons influencing the subconscious.

18

Infodemia dezinformacji na temat COVID-19 w Ukrainie

70%

Kęsek R.

Przegląd Zachodni

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2022

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issue 4 (385)

53-61

EN

The aim of this article is to analyze the phenomenon of infodemic and related disinformation about the COVID-19 pandemic that shaped the Ukrainian infosphere in 2020- 2022. The considerations contained in the text focus mainly on the specific features of the phenomenon at issue, and are an attempt to answer the question of how much the disinformation on COVID-19 in the Ukrainian version differs from analogous trends shaping the internal situation and the infosphere in other countries around the world. The article presents a working thesis that the covid infodemic in Ukraine had, first of all, a clear external provenance (largely single-source), as well as a highly adaptive nature, as a function and element of a wider disinformation campaign carried out by the Russian Federation towards Ukraine and its inhabitants. The presented analysis allowed to identify the main elements characteristic of the disinformation infodemic in Ukraine and confirm the dependence of the studied phenomenon on an external factor, i.e. the influence of the Russian Federation.

19

A FAKE NEWS CLASSIFICATION FRAMEWORK: APPLICATION ON IMMIGRATION CASES

70%

VOROBYEVA T., MOURATIDIS K., DIAMANTOPOULOS F.-N., GIANNOPOULOS P., TAVLARIDOU K., TIMAMOPOULOS C., PERISTERAS V., MAGNISALIS I., SHAH S. I. H.

Communication Today

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2020

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vol. 11

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issue 2

118 - 131

EN

In this study we conduct a systematic literature review with the aim of pointing out the characteristics and types of fake news. We use them to formulate a framework to facilitate classification of fake news instances. Using the classification framework of fake news, we analyse 59 different fake news cases regarding immigration. The research team provided a proof of concept of applicability of the proposed framework for categorising immigration fake news cases. Towards this direction, machine learning algorithms were employed to identify association rules among the classification facets of our framework. The findings of the research study show that a number of these rules can be used in order to design a semi-automated tool that fills-in some of the characteristics of our framework and infers the rest, thus utilising the extracted rules. Benefits stemming from this work include a proposition of an easy to use framework for fake news classification, and derivation of commonly occurring patterns that demonstrate how fake news, as well as their types, interrelate.

20

Polityka informacyjna i cyberbezpieczeństwa w Estonii i Łotwie w drugiej i na początku trzeciej dekady XXI wieku

70%

Kamińska-Korolczuk K.

Przegląd Zachodni

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2023

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issue 3 (387)

117-133

EN

The article presents the solutions introduced by Estonia and Latvia to make the digital infrastructure they use to carry out state information policy and deliver public services more secure. The study aims to analyze the implemented regulations and assess their efficiency. The thesis of the article is that the authorities of both countries prioritize efforts to ensure cyber security. To achieve the aim of the study and to confirm the thesis, the following measures were helpful: 1. findings based on direct observations and field research; 2. analysis of sources and existing data along with a systematic literature review (Fink, 2005: 17) and the institutional and legal method consisting in the study of normative acts (Żebrowski 2012: 32-33) in order to analyze changes occurring in the legal order. This is a review article, and it is organized as follows: analysis of the key issues related to the shape of information policy implemented by Estonia and Latvia through the media; presentation of activities related to strengthening cyber security; conclusions. The analysis shows that Estonia and Latvia operate effectively in the digital sphere, but it requires ongoing monitoring of the destabilizing actions performed by Russia, their largest neighbor. The information policies of both countries take into account the preservation of relations between national minorities and their countries of residence. Actions taken by the Estonian and Latvian authorities in the area of cybersecurity have been ongoing for a long time and they represent a strategy whose effects are well reflected in the media sphere. The strategy awaits full implementation to ensure an increasingly higher level of cybersecurity.

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