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Teorie sociálních reprezentací

100%
Novák P.
E-psychologie (E-psychology)
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2009
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vol. 3
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issue 1
22-29
EN
This study is divided into three main parts: The first is about position of social representations in the system of present psychology and possibilities of their use for present science and research. The second is trying to explain background of their origin and describes philosophical-sociological roots of this theory. The third part of this paper explores their formal structure. Theory of social representation has never been statistic and hypothetical construct, but has ever been trying to adapt flexibly to always changing context of reality. Social representations are ideas in movement, they are dynamic and open phenomena and their concept is formed and transformed together with the changing context. Theory of social representations helped to transform social psychology into postmodern science, which exceeds borders between psychology, sociology, philosophy, linguistics, theory of systems and cultural anthropology. Social representations are collection of organized and structured knowledges at the level of basic social system. They make the reality clear and safe for us. They give us possibility to orientate in reality easier and to share it with others.
CS
Tato studie je rozdělena do tří hlavních částí: První pojednává o postavení sociálních reprezentací v systému současné psychologie a možnostech jejich využití pro současnou vědu a výzkum. Druhá se snaží vysvětlit okolnosti jejich vzniku a popisuje filosofickosociologické kořeny této teorie. Třetí část tohoto článku zkoumá jejich formální strukturu. Teorie sociálních reprezentací nikdy nebyla statickým a hypotetickým konstruktem, ale vždy se snažila pružně přizpůsobit stále se měnícímu kontextu reality. Sociální reprezentace jsou myšlenkami v pohybu, jsou to dynamické a otevřené fenomény a jejich koncept je formován a transformován spolu s měnícím se kontextem. Teorie sociálních reprezentací pomohla transformovat sociální psychologii na postmoderní vědeckou disciplínu, která překračuje hranice mezi psychologií, sociologií, filosofií, lingvistikou, teorií systémů a kulturní antropologií. Sociální reprezentace jsou souborem organizovaných a strukturovaných poznatků na úrovni základního společenského systému. Činí pro nás realitu srozumitelnou, bezpečnou a dávají nám možnost snadněji se v ní orientovat a sdílet ji s ostatními.
2
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Čtení vlastním tempem: kritické představení metody

84%
Chromý J., Dotlačil J.
Časopis pro moderní filologii (Journal for Modern Philology)
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2022
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vol. 104
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issue 2
177-193
EN
Self-paced reading has been a widely used experimental method for study of the processing of sentences and texts. In this paper, we introduce the method to the Czech audience. We summarize its advantages and limitations and provide practical suggestions on stimuli construction and data processing. We also present different variants of the method, we discuss its ecological validity, and we summarize the experimental evidence showing that reaction times collected in self-paced reading can be linked to processing demands people might experience during reading. Finally, we present three examples of the application of the method: an experiment on agreement attraction in Czech, an experiment on garden-path sentences in Czech and an experiment studying the processing of short discourses in English. We also briefly discuss new trends that connect corpus linguistics with psycholinguistic discourse processing research and lead to the development of reading-time corpora.
3
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Schizofrenie v českém prostředí: diskurzivní analýza výpovědí o schizofrenii

84%
Pokluda J.
E-psychologie (E-psychology)
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2020
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vol. 14
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issue 4
1-15
EN
The presented research study deals with the mapping of discourses on schizophrenia in the Czech environment. The research conducted semi-structured interviews on schizophrenia with lay people, people with diagnosis and experts (N = 15). Those transcribed interviews were subsequently analyzed by one of the discoursive analysis approach – critical discursive psychology. Overall, 13 different interpretative repertoires used by respondents for the construction of schizophrenia and schizophrenic people were identified. Positions that could be hold thanks to these repertoires and consequences of these repertoires were also described. Respondents used a larger number of often conflicting repertoires. Results were confronted with relevant studies in discussion. Further, limits of this study were described as well as suggestions of possible follow-up research and practical application.
CS
Předkládaná výzkumná studie se zabývá zmapováním diskurzů o schizofrenii v českém prostředí. V rámci výzkumu byly prováděny polostrukturované rozhovory o schizofrenii s laiky, s lidmi s diagnózou a s odborníky (N = 15). Přepsané rozhovory byly následně analyzovány jedním z přístupů diskurzivní analýzy – kritickou diskurzivní psychologií. Celkem bylo identifikováno 13 odlišných interpretačních repertoárů, které respondenti využívali pro konstruování schizofrenie a člověka s diagnózou. Také byly zmapovány pozice, které tyto repertoáry umožňují zaujmout, důsledky, jaké identifikované repertoáry přináší, a repertoáry byly zasazeny do globálních diskurzů. Respondenti zaujímali větší množství mnohdy protichůdných repertoárů. V diskusi byly následně konfrontovány výsledky s relevantními studiemi. Dále byly popsány limity předkládané studie a návrhy možných navazujících výzkumů a aplikace do praxe.
4
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Obraz Karla Klostermanna v české (literární) historiografii

67%
Hořejší M.
Slovo a smysl - Word & Sense
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2017
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vol. 14
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issue 27
60-74
EN
The article deals with the problem of representation of an author Karel Klostermann (1848–1923) and his novels in Czech literary-historical handbooks, editorial prefaces, and encyclopedias. The article exposes the way in which Czech literary historiography works with the myth of Karel Klostermann as a documentarist of the ‘old Bohemian Forest’ (Šumava in Czech). An analysis of the above three distinct text types reveals that Klostermannʼs central topic — an unprecedented windstorm that had terminated the ‘original Bohemian Forest’ — is mostly seen not as a motive but as the fact (as well as in the recent discourse on Bohemian Forest National Park). However, the concepts of ‘monumental and naturally stable forest’ or ‘sudden epochal break’ were paradoxically known only from the novels of Karel Klostermann, who worked with them inconsistently. The article shows that Czech literary historiography does not deal with Klostermann’s fiction critically but rather replicates common stereotypes and dominant narrative about the past of the Bohemian Forest.
5
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Národní park Šumava: Hruška vs. Stráský, dva rozhovory z března 2011

59%
Hořejší M. L.
Studie z aplikované lingvistiky - Studies in Applied Linguistics
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2015
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vol. 6
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issue 1
47-69
EN
The paper deals with the dispute about management of the Šumava National Park. The paper characterizes the discourse on the Šumava National Park on the basis of two interviews with the representatives of the contradictory positions. It analyzes the central topics, topoi and concepts by applying the Discourse-Historical Approach (DHA). The paper focuses on the way how both interviewees construct their opponent, how they construct the attribute “human” and in which contexts they use pronouns “we” and “they”. The paper reveals that the way of displaying the past is crucial for the identification of both dominant narratives. The basic interdiscursive relations in which the discourse on the Šumava National Park is involved are also outlined.
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