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Medzinárodná delimitácia námorných zón (1969-2009)

100%

Vaculčík V.

Právník. Teoretický časopis pro otázky státu a práva (The Lawyer - Scientific Review for Problems of State and Law)

2022

vol. 161

issue 10

990-1006

This article explores the development of maritime delimitation between the breakthrough decisions of the International Court of the Justice in the North Sea Continental Shelf cases (1969) and the Maritime Delimitation in the Black Sea (2009). Being based on the Art.6 of the Geneva Convention on the Continental Shelf (1958), the international jurisprudence rather quickly developed its own methodology which has made a long way from the simple assumption that the final delimitation must be always the equidistance line. On the other hand, whilst the equidistance line disappeared from the wording of the delimitation clauses incorporated in the later United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (1982), the delimitation line of the equidistance line survived in the later jurisprudence, being the starting point for all delimitations without limiting the international courts of a relevant adjustment because of the particular characteristics of every single case. The adoption of equitableness in the methodology of maritime delimitation seemed to be a perspective step forward in the late 1960’s. However, this progressive development went probably too fast to enable a full apprehension of the various possibilities of this new approach and came with its limitless application of equity into a dead-end in the decisions of the early 1980’s. Gradually, the later international jurisprudence in maritime delimitation has become more structured, respecting more the natural characteristics of each particular case. Finally, a structured framework of a methodological system appeared in the early years of the 21st century, enabling the courts a more common approach, whilst modifying the delimitation system regarding the particularities of each individual maritime delimitation case.

Mieszany system wyborczy – cztery warianty dla Polski

72%

Michalak B., Flis J.

Athenaeum. Polskie Studia Politologiczne

2017

vol. 55

65-88

The present paper deals with the possible political consequences of employing a mixed electoral system in the elections to Polish Sejm. The dependent variables are: distribution of seats amongst political parties which win the equal votes, deviation of election results from the proportionality and the degree of concentration of the party system. The independent variable are specific, described in the literature and actually existing types of mixed electoral systems. Four variants of electoral systems representing four basic types of such systems have been tested. Simulations have been conducted on the basis of 2011, 2015, and hypothetical 2019 elections results. The degrees of an electoral system’s disproportionality and of party system’s concentration were juxtaposed with the measurements of these parameters in the countries which employ such mixed electoral systems. Presented results demonstrate that mixed electoral systems can lead to the whole spectrum of possible changes, depending on the employed type of the electoral system.

Artykuł przedstawia możliwe konsekwencje polityczne zastosowania mieszanego systemu wyborczego w wyborach do Sejmu RP. Zmiennymi zależnymi są: podział mandatów pomiędzy partie przy tej samej liczbie zdobywanych głosów, odchylenie wyników wyborczych od proporcjonalności oraz stopień koncentracji systemu partyjnego. Zmienną niezależną konkretne – występujące na świecie i opisane w literaturze przedmiotu – typy systemów mieszanych. Testowi poddane zostały cztery warianty mieszanej ordynacji wyborczej, reprezentujące cztery podstawowe typy takich ordynacji. Symulacje przeprowadzono w oparciu o wyniki wyborów 2011 i 2015 roku oraz hipotetyczne wyniki dla wyborów 2019 roku. Poziom dysproporcjonalności systemu wyborczego oraz koncentracji systemu partyjnego został skonfrontowany z pomiarami tych parametrów wśród państw wykorzystujących tego systemy mieszane. Przedstawione wyniki pokazują, że ordynacje mieszane mogą dać całe spektrum ewentualnych zmian, w zależności od ich konkretnego typu.

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1 Athenaeum. Polskie Studia Politologiczne

1 Právník. Teoretický časopis pro otázky státu a práva (The Lawyer - Scientific Review for Problems of State and Law)

1 Flis J.

1 Michalak B.

1 Vaculčík V.

1 2022

1 2017

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Medzinárodná delimitácia námorných zón (1969-2009)

Mieszany system wyborczy – cztery warianty dla Polski