Search results

1

Contracts and Automation: Exploring the Normativity of Automation in the Context of U.S. Contract Law and E.U. Consumer Protection Directives

100%

Barnhizer D.

Yearbook of Antitrust and Regulatory Studies

|

2016

|

vol. 9(14)

15-42

EN

Given a choice between two systems of contract rules, a court or legislature may have a normative obligation to adopt the rule that is more susceptible to coding and automation. This paper explores the ramifications of that normative proposition through the lens of multiple contract doctrines that traditionally involve “messy” judgments or multiple interacting judgments regarding which human beings are – arguably – capable of making finely nuanced analyses. Using the common law doctrine of unconscionability and Polish Civil Code Article 385 on unfair terms in consumer contracts, this paper explores the differences between contract rules that require human analysis versus those that can be applied with strong reliability by automated processes. Finally, the paper analyzes some of the potential pitfalls of this normative proposition in light of technological, economic, and moral/ethical concerns.

FR

En donnant le choix entre deux systèmes de règles contractuelles, un tribunal ou une législature peut avoir l'obligation normative d'adopter une règle qui est plus susceptible de codification et d’automatisation. Cet article analyse les conséquences de cette proposition normative à travers des différentes doctrines contractuelles qui impliquent traditionnellement des jugements “désordonnés” ou des jugements multiples dépendant de la profondeur de l’analyse. En faisant la référence à la doctrine de “common law” de l’inconscience et à l’article 385 de Code Civil polonais concernant les clauses contractuelles abusives dans les contrats conclus avec les consommateurs, cet article explore les différences entre les règles contractuelles qui exigent une analyse humaine et celles qui peuvent être appliquées avec une grande fiabilité par des processus automatisés. Enfin, le document analyse certaines difficultés potentiels de cette proposition normative à la lumière des préoccupations technologiques, économiques et morales / éthiques.

2

Mutual agreement procedure, double taxation treaties and protection of taxpayers’ rights in the brics countries:

100%

Al-Rawashdeh B. H.

The Lawyer Quarterly

|

2020

|

vol. 10

|

issue 3

260-278

EN

Taxpayers’ rights are of utmost importance in the context of the fundamental changes in the regulation of international tax relations determined by the necessity to combat tax avoidance at the global level. Consequently, contemporary states should provide high level of efficiency of dispute resolution mechanisms between taxpayers and tax authorities of different states including mutual agreement procedure (MAP) that is the procedural mechanism allowing taxpayers to resolve theirs cases of taxation not in accordance with the provisions of double taxation treaties by the way of initiation of the direct communication between the competent authorities of contracting states. Based on the analysis of pros and cons of MAP, it might be stated that its attractiveness is not so obvious for taxpayers in the absence of certain guarantees such as the right to confidentiality or the right to be informed about the process of negotiation between competent authorities. The success of international community is only partial in this context because of the difficulty to find common denominator and the difference of interests at the global level. At the same time, the example of the EU demonstrates the crucial importance of the regional cooperation for the improvement of taxpayers’ rights in the context of MAP that might be taken into account by the BRICS countries in their attempts to improve tax dispute resolution mechanisms.

3

Vznik, vývoj a sociálny význam mediácie v dejinách ľudstva

100%

Dolinský S.

Prosopon. Europejskie Studia Społeczno-Humanistyczne

|

2013

|

issue 1(5)

55-70

EN

The emergence and development of mediation occurred in different historical periods, in different geographical areas and various categories of social practice. It also used in various forms, which are more or less approaching today's understanding of mediation. Mediation as an approach, the idea of conflict resolution by a third, independent party there for several centuries, as adversarial way. Go for mediation in the history of ideas, is to go back through many centuries, until the beginning of mankind.

4

Rozwiązywanie sporów wynikających z Inicjatywy Pasa i Szlaku

100%

Łągiewska M.

Azja-Pacyfik

|

2021

|

issue XXIV

29-37

EN

The Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) is an international project involving many countries around the world. The economic development and the implementation of new infrastructural and investment projects have been giving rise to a growing number of cross-border disputes. To meet these challenges China has created specialized entities, competent to solve disputes arising from the BRI. The aim of this article is therefore to identify? the latest trends in this area and to assess whether the Chinese solutions and proposed dispute resolution methods will permanently change the global landscape.

5

A Legal Notion of Adverse Inference in WTO Case Law

100%

Malskyy M.

Polish Political Science Yearbook

|

2024

|

issue 1(53)

5-15

EN

Gathering evidence is of utmost importance in any legal proceeding. However, sometimes, one of the parties may hide specific evidence, which complicates the adjudicators’ reaching of a fair conclusion. For such cases, judges or arbitrators can use several tools, one of which is adverse inference. An adverse inference is a negative conclusion that may be drawn from a party’s failure to provide some evidence without a valid excuse for non-production. By drawing it, adjudicators assume this evidence would harm the party’s interests. At the same time, adverse inference is quite a radical tool because it may strongly impact the final decision. Because of this, adjudicators are sometimes cautious about using it. This paper analyzes the notion of adverse inference in the context of the dispute resolution mechanism available in the WTO. In particular, three cases were summarized in which the Appellate Body made interesting findings regarding the application of adverse inference. As a result of the work, conclusions from these cases are made that can be used by lawyers in future WTO disputes, as well as in other international and national dispute resolution fora.

6

Increasing Role of Mediation in Conflict Resolution in the Family

88%

Karaszewska H., Rajewska de Mezer J., Silecka-Marek E.

Studia Edukacyjne

|

2019

|

issue 53

285-299

PL

Conflict-related and disputable situations have been present in our lives since ancient times, when people have become aware of the need to protect their rights and interests, sometimes at odds with the aspirations of others. The conflict that emerges between people disturbs their relationships and poses a threat to the proper functioning of people, bringing with them negative emotions. However, it can be an opportunity for development, be treated as a change in interpersonal relationships and can ultimately produce positive effects. Mediation offers a possibility of converting the negative aspects of the conflict into constructive solutions. Being voluntary, confidential, non-formal, out-of-court proceedings, it enables the parties to come to an agreement, offering them the opportunity to actively participate in shaping the legal and social situation and exercising their rights and interests in the spirit of consensus. In the mediation process, the parties use the support of a professional, impartial, neutral mediator. The authors of the article promote the idea of mediation with full conviction that it is a valuable and effective way for conflicted parties and third parties and their relatives to reach a consensus on various issues, including family matters.

7

Jurisdiction of the Court of the Eurasian Economic Union and Its Role in the Development of the Eurasian Legal Order: One Step Back and Two Steps Forward

63%

Mikhaliova T.

Polish Yearbook of International Law

|

2019

|

vol. 39

251-264

EN

The Court of the Eurasian Economic Union was created in 2015 as a judicial organ with jurisdiction over a range of subject matters within the Eurasian Economic Union. It replaced the Court of the Eurasian Economic Community, which operated within the Eurasian Economic Community and its Customs Union (2012-2014). Though the Union become the next step in the integration process of the post-Soviet area, the newly created Court has not been given de jure a successor status. The Court of the Union was set up anew as one of the four institutional bodies in the structure of the Union. It was empowered to settle disputes between the Member States, as well as to consider different types of actions brought by private actors (economic entities only). The interpretative function of the Court was enshrined as “competence on clarification.” Moreover, the Commission, the main executive and regulative organ, was not given locus standi in actions against the Member States to enhance their compliance with the obligations of EAEU law. Preliminary jurisdiction was also cut down as compared to the Court of the Community or other regional integration courts. However, some new functions were given to the Court, and its five years long practice shows a clear tendency to substitute missing powers with those given but in a broader context, as well as its aspirations to play a consolidating role for the legal order of the Union.

8

Arbitraż a prawo konkurencji – wybrane zagadnienia teoretyczne i praktyczne

63%

Nowaczyk P., Syp S.

internetowy Kwartalnik Antymonopolowy i Regulacyjny

|

2013

|

vol. 2

|

issue 5

81-89

PL

Przedmiotowy artykuł1 stanowi ujęcie wybranych zagadnień prawnych dotyczących wzajemnych relacji pomiędzy międzynarodowym arbitrażem handlowym a prawem konkurencji. Dominująca perspektywa ujęcia tematyki zastosowana w artykule została określona jako perspektywa arbitra (rzecz jasna jako jedna z kilku możliwych). Autorzy wskazują na dwie kwestie węzłowe o znaczeniu uniwersalnym (międzynarodowym) będące odpowiedzią na pytania: 1) czy arbiter może (a może musi) stosować prawo konkurencji? (w kontekście dopuszczalności poddania sporu pod arbitraż); 2) które prawo konkurencji powinien stosować arbiter? Wywody w toku artykuły będą odnosiły się do abstrakcyjnego stanu faktycznego potencjalnego sporu, który zmuszony byłby rozstrzygnąć sąd arbitrażowy, a który zostanie rozstrzygnięty przez Autorów artykułu. Takie określenie tematyki pozwala następnie na wyciągnięcie wniosków de lege lata oraz de lege ferenda w zakresie relacji pomiędzy prawem konkurencji a międzynarodowym arbitrażem handlowym dla rozstrzygającego spory arbitra.

EN

The subject-matter of this article encompasses selected legal issues on the relationship between international commercial arbitration and competition law. The main perspective used in this paper is that of an arbitrator (clearly being only one of several possible). The paper points to two main issues of universal (international) meaning in response to the following questions: 1) Can (or in fact must) the arbitrator apply competition law (in terms of admissibility of the submission of the dispute to arbitration)? 2) which competition law should the arbitrator apply? The arguments presented in the paper refer to a potential fact scenario of a dispute (one that would have to be settled by arbitration), which will be settled by the Authors. A few conclusions will be drawn de lege lata and de lege ferenda concerning the relationship between competition law and international commercial arbitration for the main actor resolving disputes – an arbitrator.

9

Sztuczna inteligencja w arbitrażu – AI w roli arbitra?

63%

Więzowska-Czepiel B.

Studia Prawnicze: rozprawy i materiały

|

2020

|

issue 2(27)

133-150

PL

Artykuł jest drugim z cyklu dwóch opracowań analizujących problematykę wykorzystania sztucznej inteligencji w arbitrażu w procesie podejmowania decyzji merytorycznych w świetle obowiązujących regulacji prawnych. Artykuł porusza kontrowersyjne zagadnienie możliwości zastąpienia człowieka przez sztuczną inteligencję w roli arbitra. Punktem odniesienia jest polski porządek prawny ujęty w konwencjach międzynarodowych, których Polska jest stroną, oraz zgodnie z Kodeksem postępowania cywilnego, zestawiony z rozwiązaniami funkcjonującymi w wybranych państwach.

EN

The article is the first one in a series of two studies analyzing the use of artificial intelligence in the arbitral decision-making process in the light of applicable legal regulations. It deals with the controversial issue of replacement of human by artificial intelligence. This issue will be analysed from a perspective of Polish legal order, included in international conventions in force in Poland and in the Code of Civil Procedure, juxstaposed with solutions functioning in selected countries.

10

Sądownictwo polubowne – nowa jakość rozstrzygania sporów

51%

Kałużny T.

Roczniki Administracji i Prawa

|

2021

|

vol. specjalny I

|

issue XXI

623-638

EN

Arbitration judiciary, often referred to as arbitration, is commonly presented in the literature as one of the alternative methods of dispute resolution. The objections to the irregularities of the judicial state system and legitimate expectations in terms of reducing the time and costs of the proceedings guarantee the parties real access to court and protection of their rights by drawing up an arbitration clause. As part of the mutual relations of arbitration with respect to alternative dispute resolution methods, it should be emphasized that arbitration is a real alternative to the state justice administered by the common courts. It is also worth pointing to the possibilities and the need for disputes resolution by arbitration constituting as an important addition to the course of justice made by courts. The consistent intention to resolve the conflict reflected in the arbitration agreement and the exceptional opportunities for the parties to participate in the arbitration proceedings constitute a new content of the culture and legal awareness of citizens and the creation of modern mutual relations between the parties of broadly understood civil law relations. An arbitration clause, the implementation of arbitration proceedings and the resolution of a dispute within the framework of arbitration may and should therefore constitute a new quality in the administration of justice.

PL

Sądownictwo polubowne, często określane mianem arbitrażu, przedstawiane jest powszechnie w poglądach piśmiennictwa jako jedna z alternatywnych metod rozwiązywania sporów. Zastrzeżenia względem nieprawidłowości sądowego wymiaru sprawiedliwości oraz uzasadnione oczekiwania w zakresie redukcji czasu i kosztów postępowania gwarantują stronom realny dostęp do sądu i ochronę praw przez sporządzenie zapisu na sąd polubowny. W ramach wzajemnych relacji sądownictwa polubownego względem alternatywnych metod rozwiązywania sporów należy podkreślić, że arbitraż stanowi realną alternatywę dla wymiaru sprawiedliwości sprawowanego przez sądownictwo państwowe. Warto również wskazać na możliwości i potrzebę rozstrzygania sporów w ramach sądownictwa polubownego stanowiącego istotne uzupełnienie sądowego wymiaru sprawiedliwości. Odzwierciedlony w umowie arbitrażowej zgodny zamiar rozstrzygnięcia konfliktu oraz wyjątkowe możliwości partycypacji stron w prowadzonym postępowaniu arbitrażowym stanowią o nowej treści kultury i świadomości prawnej obywateli oraz kreowaniu nowoczesnych wzajemnych relacji stron szeroko rozumianych stosunków cywilnoprawnych. Zapis na sąd polubowny, realizacja postępowania arbitrażowego i rozstrzygnięcie sporu w ramach sądownictwa polubownego mogą i powinny stanowić nową jakość w zakresie wymierzania sprawiedliwości.

11

Community Mediation-Based Legal Culture in Resolving Social Conflicts of Communities Affected by the COVID-19 Pandemic in West Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia

51%

Haq H. S., Achmadi A., Hangabei S. M., Budiono A.

Studia Iuridica Lublinensia

|

2022

|

vol. 31

|

issue 2

11-32

PL

Niniejsze opracowanie ma na celu wskazanie potrzeby istnienia lokalnej mediacyjnej kultury prawnej jako alternatywnego sposobu rozstrzygania sporów w prowincji Małe Wyspy Sundajskie Zachodnie w Indonezji. Artykuł opiera się na zastosowaniu niedoktrynalnego paradygmatu wraz ze studium opisowym. Wykorzystano metody badania orzecznictwa i przepisów prawa w oparciu o szereg obserwacji, wywiadów i badania literatury dla analizy jakościowej. Wyniki tych badań stanowią element pozwalający na zrozumienie jednej z zaproponowanych koncepcji związanej z wykorzystaniem kulturowo uwarunkowanej mediacji w społeczności lokalnej jako szybkiej i prostej alternatywnej metody rozwiązywania sporów. Mediacje w społecznościach lokalnych wykonywane przez Instytut Mediacji mają charakter zinstytucjonalizowany i opierają się na kulturowo uwarunkowanych procedurach służących jako środek rozwiązywania konfliktów. Mają one na celu zapewnienie bezpiecznego, uporządkowanego i spokojnego życia w oparciu o wartości prawne społeczności lokalnej zakorzenione w jej wierzeniach (religii), zwyczajach i kulturze społecznej.

EN

This study aims to describe the urgency of the existence of community mediation-based legal culture as an alternative dispute resolution during the COVID-19 pandemic in West Nusa Tenggara Province, Indonesia. This study employed a non-doctrinal paradigm with a descriptive study. It uses case and legislation approaches based on a series of observations, interviews, and literature studies to be analyzed qualitatively. The results of this research finding are a component to understand one of the concepts offered related to the use of culture-based community mediation as a fast and simple alternative dispute resolution. The institutionalized community mediation at Mediation Institution has culture-based management procedures that serve as a means of resolving conflicts. It aims to create a safe, orderly, and peaceful life based on the legal values of the local community that are rooted in their beliefs (religion), customs, and social culture.

Refine search results

Contracts and Automation: Exploring the Normativity of Automation in the Context of U.S. Contract Law and E.U. Consumer Protection Directives

Mutual agreement procedure, double taxation treaties and protection of taxpayers’ rights in the brics countries:

Vznik, vývoj a sociálny význam mediácie v dejinách ľudstva

Rozwiązywanie sporów wynikających z Inicjatywy Pasa i Szlaku

A Legal Notion of Adverse Inference in WTO Case Law

Increasing Role of Mediation in Conflict Resolution in the Family

Jurisdiction of the Court of the Eurasian Economic Union and Its Role in the Development of the Eurasian Legal Order: One Step Back and Two Steps Forward

Arbitraż a prawo konkurencji – wybrane zagadnienia teoretyczne i praktyczne

Sztuczna inteligencja w arbitrażu – AI w roli arbitra?

Sądownictwo polubowne – nowa jakość rozstrzygania sporów

Community Mediation-Based Legal Culture in Resolving Social Conflicts of Communities Affected by the COVID-19 Pandemic in West Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia