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EN
Inequality in the distribution of income in the population is an important economic indicator. Today, economic inequality receives considerable attention due to the book of Thomas Piketty Capital in the 21st Century. The tremendous media coverage of the topic also attracted the attention of the world leaders. In many countries, the topic of inequality in income distribution was defined as a national challenge and was found at the top of the priorities of many important organizations, such as the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). These organizations treat income distribution as the top priority because they see the problem to be a threat to the continuation of the existence of the global economic system [Piketty and Qian 2009]. This paper aims to describe the distribution of income in Israel and provide solutions for a more equal distribution of income.
EN
The Matthew effect, considered in the broad context of a whole society, implies that increasing social inequality results from the accumulation of advantages provided by wealth and by the amassing of disadvantages associated with poverty. We formulate a hypothesis according to which the Matthew effect manifests itself in the polarization of opposite social classes even if the adaptive abilities of people belonging to different classes are controlled. The test of this hypothesis is primarily based on data drawn from the Polish Panel Survey (POLPAN), a survey in which respondents from a national sample were interviewed in 1988, 1993, 1998, and 2003. Additional data were obtained from surveys conducted in 1978 and 2006. All these data show that (a) during the last decade of the communist regime in Poland, the level of income inequality was relatively low and stable; (b) the change in the class structure occurring between 1989 and 1993 resulted in the rapid growth of social inequality, and (c) inequality increased up to 2006. The hypothesis stating that income inequality is rooted in the class structure, independently of people’s adaptive abilities, is fully supported. Theoretical and practical implications of results supporting our hypothesis are also discussed.
EN
This article analyses the implications from modern economic theory on political philosophy. As economic growth seems the main fact of economic life, so progress of science is a key factor of economic growth in the long perspective. Scientific knowledge analyzed by economic terms appears as a kind of public good. This statement was tested against Lockeian property theory, fundamental for modern liberalism. According to Lockeian arguments, private property is a consequence of human self-ownership. If humans are the owners of their bodies, the fruits of their labor are thus legimatized property for them. Nature is indispensable in production; however we could consider them as God’s Gift. According to Locke’s theory, natural resources are the common property of all humankind,unless the people choose agriculture and animal husbandry. As we consider all natural resources to be God’s Gift, we could see them as the property of the whole human race. This indicates a claim  for the egalitarian distribution of social income. This reasoning is an Old Lockeian Argument for Socialism. The New Argument is based on the assumption that scientific knowledge is the key resource used in the process of production and that knowledge is a free gift for humanity from the  community of scientists. Using the terminology of economics, scientific knowledge takes the formof public good. Therefore, as science is the main factor in technological progress and economic  growth, their fruits should be distributed among all people in an egalitarian mode.
PL
Artykuł analizuje wnioski, jakie dla filozofii politycznej wynikają z nowoczesnej teorii ekonomicznej. Wzrost gospodarczy wydaje się najważniejszym zjawiskiem gospodarczym, z kolei postęp nauki jest najistotniejszym źródłem wzrostu gospodarczego w długim okresie. Wiedza naukowa analizowana przy pomocy terminologii ekonomicznej okazuje się być pewnym rodzajem dobra publicznego. Powyższe zostało skonfrontowane z teorią własności Johna Locke’a, która ma fundamentalne znaczenie dla nowożytnego liberalizmu. Wedle argumentacji Lockeańskiej prywatna własność jest wywodzona z samowłasności człowieka. Skoro ludzie są właścicielami swych ciał, to także owoce ich pracy są ich własnością. Praca potrzebuje substratu, jakim jest natura, ta jednak jest darem Boga dla całej ludzkości i w oryginalnej teorii Locke’a pozostaje jej wspólną własnością zanim ludzie zaczną pracować przy uprawie ziemi i hodowli. Z założenia, że zasoby naturalne planety są własnością całej ludzkości można z kolei wywodzić postulat egalitarnego podziału dochodu społecznego. Argument tego typu można nazwać starym Lockeańskim argumentem za socjalizmem. Argument nowy odwołuje się do idei wiedzy naukowej jako czynnika produkcji. Współczesna teoria wzrostu gospodarczego sugeruje, że głównym czynnikiem zwiększającym produktywność był w ostatnich dwóch stuleciach postęp techniczny, ten zaś był przede wszystkim skutkiem wzrostu wiedzy naukowej. Można z kolei wykazać, że wiedza naukowa ma wiele cech dobra publicznego. Stąd też można zasadnie twierdzić, że jej owoce powinny przypaść wszystkim ludziom na równych prawach.
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