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EN
This paper highlights the main issues concerned with competences necessary for the documentary film reception. The main purpose of this article is to investigate pedagogy students’ (specialization: social-cultural animation) understanding of documentary films on the basis of their narration and to define the basic competences in film understanding. According to the thesis, competences for proper film reception require general knowledge which enables individuals to make choices, understanding conventions, contexts and interdependences. Research focuses on the reception of Polish documentary films created before the political changes in 1989. The analysis of results and final conclusions are based on Umberto Eco’s and Francesco Casetti’s theoretical concept of the text assumptions. The study has confirmed assumptions presented above and justified the following conclusion: documentary film is a text based on the specific competence of the spectator but also contributes to the formation of certain competence. The film text makes the spectator capable of actualizing the various meaning-contents and the role of the spectator is to update his knowledge while receiving documentary film. The textual cooperation gives the spectator an essential role in the process of creating meaning.
EN
Marcel Łoziński, one of the most important Polish documentary film directors, described his method of working as “densifying the reality”. It means that the director introduces into the real world and real situations actors whose role is to provoke the reality, discover its’ characteristic elements that are either invisible at first sight or unreachable to film with a camera. Łoziński compared himself to a person observing an aquarium, who instead of waiting until something happens, decides to shake the aquarium, provoke situations, cause reactions. Łoziński’s method was one of the first attempts to move away from strictly observational mode of documentary cinema. Directors of contemporary documentary films more and more often develop this approach even experimenting with the borders of a genre, creating hybrid films that blur the boundaries between documentary and fiction. This article is an attempt to describe different styles of hybrid films in Poland and compare them with international tendencies, such as what Joshua Oppenheimer (the author of “The Act of Killing”) calls the “documentary of imagination”.
PL
Marcel Łoziński, jeden z czołowych twórców polskiego filmu dokumentalnego, swoją autorską metodę nazwał „zagęszczaniem rzeczywistości”. Polegała ona na wprowadzeniu do filmowanego świata podstawionych przez siebie bohaterów, prowokowaniu rzeczywistości po to, by ujawnić jej charakterystyczne cechy, niewidoczne na pierwszy rzut oka bądź niedostępne dla kamery. Łoziński porównywał siebie do obserwatora akwarium, który zamiast czekać, aż coś się wydarzy, decyduje się nim potrząsnąć, wzbić piasek do góry, wywołać reakcję. Metoda Łozińskiego była jedną z pierwszych prób odejścia od kina obserwacyjnego, od metody cierpliwego oka. Współczesne kino dokumentalne coraz częściej rozwija podejście Łozińskiego i wręcz eksperymentuje z granicami gatunkowymi - tworząc kino pogranicza, filmowe hybrydy balansujące między dokumentem a fabułą. Prawdziwa fikcja 87 Niniejszy artykuł jest próbą usystematyzowania tego zjawiska na polskim gruncie i wpisania go w szerszą światową tendencję, której przedstawicielem jest choćby Joshua Oppenheimer (reżyser słynnej Sceny zbrodni) nazywający swoje filmy „dokumentami wyobraźni”.
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