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Endogenous money supply, global liquidity and financial transactions: Panel evidence from OECD countries

100%

Śliwiński P.

Equilibrium. Quarterly Journal of Economics and Economic Policy

2023

vol. 18

issue 1

121-152

Research background: Endogenous money creation is an inherent feature of today?s economies and widely accepted phenomenon. As the various theories of money rely on the money quantity equation, most empirical research is heading towards the analysis of the two-way relationship between the quantity of money and nominal GDP. In today's world, with the extraordinary development of the financial sector, money is used not only for transactions in the real economy, but increasingly also for purchasing financial assets. This observation was absorbed by Werner in the quantity theory of disaggregated credit. Purpose of the article: The aim of the paper is to join the debate on endogenous character of money supply by tasting a disaggregated equation of money. It assumes that the domestic money supply is positively determined not only by growth in GDP-based transactions but also by growth in non-GDP-based transactions (financial transactions). Additionally, it is assumed that in the age of globalization it can be also positively influenced by the global liquidity. Methods: Testing of the above-mentioned hypotheses takes place with the use of panel unit roots tests, panel Granger causality test and panel estimations (OLS, models with fixed/random effects, GMM). In the study, annual data from 2002 to 2018 for OECD countries were chosen for statistical research. Findings & value added: The article confirms the hypothesis that real and financial economic activity together with global liquidity positively influence domestic credit and thus money supply. As the amount of money in an economy is driven not only by the real economy but also by the financial economy, prudential regulations that restrict leverage (and thus control the amount of credit) and limit risk-taking during price bubbles periods should be therefore considered. In the research, the reaction of domestic money supply to the changes in US money supply is positive. It confirms the importance of spill-over effect of expansionary policy in major economies to other economies.

Effects of Money Demand on Trade Balance in Nigeria

58%

Adeyemi O. J., Oseni I. O., Tella S. A.

Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Oeconomica

2020

vol. 6

issue 351

23-44

Prowadzone przez różnych autorów badania koncentrują się na wpływie deprecjacji waluty na bilans handlowy oraz politykę makroekonomiczną, podczas gdy związek między popytem na pieniądz a bilansem handlowym jest słabo udokumentowany w literaturze. W niniejszym artykule przeanalizowano wpływ popytu na pieniądz na bilans handlowy w Nigerii. Do analizy wykorzystano szeregi czasowe dla danych rocznych z okresu od 1986 do 2018 roku oraz autoregresyjny model o rozłożonych opóźnieniach (ARDL). Długookresowy współczynnik popytu na pieniądz miał znak dodatni i był statystycznie istotny na poziomie 5%. Pozytywne skorelowanie współczynnika popytu na pieniądz w dłuższej perspektywie miało znaczący wpływ na bilans handlowy. Oznaczało to, iż wzrost popytu na pieniądz o 1,57% prowadził do znacznego wzrostu bilansu handlowego o 1,57%. W konsekwencji można stwierdzić, iż popyt na pieniądz miał znaczący wpływ na bilans handlowy, prowadząc do zwiększenia produkcji towarów i promowania inwestycji, co zaowocowało zwiększonym wzrostem. Artykuł zawiera rekomendację, aby Bank Centralny Nigerii, za pośrednictwem Komitetu Polityki Pieniężnej, zmienił jakościową i ilościową politykę kontroli kredytowej tak, żeby usprawnić akcję kredytową i zwiększyć przepływ kredytów do eksportującego sektora gospodarki, w celu uzyskania pożądanego wpływu na bilans handlowy.

Previous studies appear to have concentrated on the effects of currency depreciation on trade balance and macroeconomic policy, while the relationship between money demand and trade balance is scantly documented in the literature. This paper therefore examines the effects of money demand on trade balance in Nigeria. For the analysis conducted, annual time series data covering the period ranging from 1986 to 2018 were used along with the Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) estimation technique. The long‑run coefficient of money demand was positively signed and statistically significant at 5% level. The positive relationship exhibited by the coefficient of money demand in the long run had a significant influence on trade balance. Thus, this implied that a unit percent increase in money demand would lead to a 1.57% significant increase in trade balance. The implication of this finding was that money demand had significantly influenced trade balance, enhancing the production of goods and fostering investment, which had led to increased growth. The paper recommends that the Central Bank of Nigeria through the Monetary Policy Committee should amend qualitative and quantitative credit control policies with the aim of improving lending to enhance the flow of credit to the real and exporting sector of the economy in order to bring about the desired effect on trade balance. However, the study is limited to an analysis of the existence of the relationship between money demand and trade balance using the Nigerian data set.

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1 Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Oeconomica

1 Equilibrium. Quarterly Journal of Economics and Economic Policy

1 Adeyemi O. J.

1 Oseni I. O.

1 Tella S. A.

1 Śliwiński P.

1 2023

1 2020

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Endogenous money supply, global liquidity and financial transactions: Panel evidence from OECD countries

Effects of Money Demand on Trade Balance in Nigeria