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Flaubert au-delà de l’histoire littéraire. Genèse d’Un coeur simple et contre-modèle de servante à vie

100%

Fauve-Chamoux A.

Białostockie Studia Literaturoznawcze

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2017

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vol. 11

EN

The character of Félicité, presented by Gustave Flaubert in A Simple Soul [Un coeur simple], a tale published in 1877, is considered here in historical perspective in order to better understand her work in domestic service, permanent celibacy and overall sad story. The first section traces the genesis of this work, as shown in the writer’s correspondence and his family background. The second part is devoted to his method, as he proclaimed it. The last section argues that F´elicit´e was a very ordinary victim who had fallen, as many other female servants, into the trap of lifelong service which had crushed her destiny. In the European past, a woman who stayed for life in the same family as maid-of-all-work and remained unmarried was far from being a rare case or counter-model. Actually, servants were considered unproductive by economists and therefore found themselves excluded by Marxism from the class struggle. The original piece of literature under study was more a short story than a fairy tale, and since it intended and succeeded to be true, it did not meet the readers’ expected enthusiasm.

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Sytuacja żeńskiej służby domowej w świetle poznańskiego czasopisma „Ruch Chrześcijańsko-Społeczny” (1902-1910)

86%

Krasińska I.

Studia Gdańskie

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2017

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issue 40

123-135

PL

W 1891 r. papież Leon XIII ogłosił słynną encyklikę Rerum novarum, w której nakreślił podstawy katolickiej nauki społecznej. Na mocy tego dokumentu księża zaczęli angażować się w działalność społeczną wśród robotników. Jednym z nich był arcybiskup gnieźnieński i poznański ks. Florian Oksza-Stablewski, inicjator „Ruchu Chrześcijańsko-Społecznego” (1902-1910) – pierwszego na ziemiach polskich katolickiego pisma naukowego poświęconego sprawom społecznym i gospodarczym. W rozwój tego czasopisma zaangażowani byli jego redaktorzy ks. Kazimierz Zimmermann i ks. Stanisław Adamski oraz wydawca Drukarnia i Księgarnia św. Wojciecha w Poznaniu w osobie kierownika tej oficyny ks. Piotra Wawrzyniaka. Na łamach pisma szerzono wiedzę na temat kwestii społecznych i wspierano katolicki ruch robotniczy. Zachęcano czytelników do tworzenia katolickich robotniczych zrzeszeń zawodowych i wstępowania w szeregi ich członków, krytykowano szerzący się ruch socjalistyczny, głosząc jego antyreligijność, starano się odsunąć od wpływu na polskie życie gospodarcze Żydów. Twórcy pisma zainteresowali się też służba domową, a zwłaszcza żeńską jej częścią. Pisano na temat trudnej sytuacji materialnej, moralnej i zdrowotnej tej grupy zawodowej. Zachęcano służące, by zainteresowały się powstającymi z myślą o nich stowarzyszeniami katolickiej służby żeńskiej, gdzie miały zagwarantowaną pomoc duchową, materialną, lekarską czy prawną. Przy tego typu stowarzyszeniach istniały też szkoły dla służących, w których uczono je pisania, czytania, religii, rachunków, historii Polski oraz wszelkich prac wykonywanych przez nie (sprzątanie, pranie, prasowanie, szycie, gotowanie, opieka nad zwierzętami gospodarskimi i ptactwem domowym) i innych.

EN

In 1891 Pope Leo XIII published the famous Encyclical ‘Rerum Novarum’, which outlined the basis of Catholic social teaching. Following this document, priests began to engage in social action among working people. One such priest was the Archbishop of Gniezno and Poznan, Fr. Florian Oksza-Stablewski, the initiator of the “Christian and Social Movement” (19021910) – the first Polish scholarly journal devoted to social and economic issues. Involved in the development of this magazine were Fr. Kazimierz Zimmermann and Fr. Stanislaw Adamski, as well as the St. Wojciech printing and publishing house in Poznan in the person of its director, Fr. Peter Wawrzyniak. Writings on social issues were published in the magazine, and it supported the Catholic labor movement. Readers were encouraged to create Catholic workers’ unions and join their ranks. The spreading socialist movement was criticised and its anti-religiousness proclaimed. The magazine also strove against Jewish influence on Polish economic life. The creators of the periodical also took an interest in domestic service, especially involving women. The material, moral and health difficulties of this occupational group were discussed in the periodical. Female servants were encouraged to be interested in the Catholic women’s associations that were created for them, where they were guaranteed spiritual, material, medical and legal assistance. In this type of association, there were also schools for servants where they were taught reading and writing, religion, accounts, Polish history and all aspects of domestic work (cleaning, laundry, ironing, sewing, cooking, caring for farm animals and domestic birds) as well as work of other kinds.

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O Trabalho e a Cidade: Uma análise do serviço doméstico e a circulação de criadas estrangeiras na cidade do Rio de Janeiro (1880-1930)

72%

Peçanha N. B. P.

Revista del CESLA. International Latin American Studies Review

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2021

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issue 27

75-94

EN

Since slavery, domestic service was one of the labor activities that most employed women, especially those of color, who until today is the portion of the population that occupies the most such activity in Brazil. However, the research presented aims to analyze the participation of European maids in Rio's domestic service, highlighting the ways in which they were inserted in the said activity, which nationalities were most demanded and offered, as well as investigating the circulation of these characters in the city of Rio of January. Thus, from the addresses provided in the advertisements, a mapping of such locations of the demands for foreign maids and their offer was made, thus verifying the spatialization of these characters in the Federal Capital.

ES

Desde a escravidão o serviço doméstico era uma das atividades laborais que mais empregava mulheres, sobretudo as de cor, que até hoje é a parcela da população que mais ocupa tal atividade, no Brasil. Entretanto, a pesquisa apresentada tem como objetivo analisar a participação das criadas europeias no serviço doméstico carioca, destacando as formas pelas quais se inseriam na dita atividade; quais as nacionalidades eram mais demandas e ofertadas; bem como investigar a circulação dessas personagens na cidade do Rio de Janeiro. Assim, a partir dos endereços disponibilizados nos anúncios foi realizado um mapeamento de tais localizações das demandas por criadas/os estrangeiras/os e de sua oferta, verificando, portanto a espacialização dessas personagens na Capital Federal.

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1 Białostockie Studia Literaturoznawcze

1 Revista del CESLA. International Latin American Studies Review

1 Studia Gdańskie

1 Fauve-Chamoux A.

1 Krasińska I.

1 Peçanha N. B. P.

1 2021

2 2017

Flaubert au-delà de l’histoire littéraire. Genèse d’Un coeur simple et contre-modèle de servante à vie

Sytuacja żeńskiej służby domowej w świetle poznańskiego czasopisma „Ruch Chrześcijańsko-Społeczny” (1902-1910)

O Trabalho e a Cidade: Uma análise do serviço doméstico e a circulação de criadas estrangeiras na cidade do Rio de Janeiro (1880-1930)