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Quelques réflexions sur l’amitié sur l’exemple de „Becket ou l’honneur de Dieu” de Jean Anouilh

100%
Kucharuk S.
Romanica Wratislaviensia
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2017
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vol. 64
97-106
EN
The above work is a conjecture on a new interpretation of the complicated friendship between Henry II, King of England, and Thomas Becket, saint martyr, as characters in Jean Anouilh’s play Becket or The Honour of God. They have little in common, and it seems that everything divides them. An analysis of this opus is used as a starting point to a general reflection on the influence of external factors such as social status and political framework, as well as internal factors such as personality traits, value system, and propriety on particular stages of friendship. The analysis is also an attempt at defining the concept of friendship presented in the play.
2
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Multi-Domain Concept of Using A2/AD Capabilities in the Military Strategy of the Russian Federation

88%
Banasik M.
Polish Political Science Yearbook
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2023
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issue 3(53)
119-131
EN
This article presents the results of research, which set out to clarify the importance and role played by the concept of using A2/AD capabilities in the military strategy of the Russian Federation. Analysis and criticism of the literature were used to solve the research problems. In order to guide the research process, a hypothesis was formulated, assuming that the Russian concept of using A2/AD capabilities is an operationalisation of a broader military strategy for defeating the adversary, as well as an effective deterrence mechanism. The research process established that the Russian concept of using A2/AD capabilities is a theory and operational practice, a broader military strategy of achieving multi-domain superiority over the adversary by conducting strategic offensive operations. Integrating offensive and defensive operational capabilities plays a key role in this concept, which guarantees possession of the strategic initiative and maintenance of dominance in the international security environment and supports the idea of creating Russian spheres of influence. It also prompts NATO states to counter the supremacy of the Russian Federation.
3
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The Development of Regional Communist Elites in the Czech Lands 1945–1956

75%
Bily M., Lozi M., Slouf J.
Pamięć i Sprawiedliwość
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2018
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issue 32
186-210
EN
The focus of the study is the analysis of the elite at the regional and departmental levels of the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia (CPC) in the period 1945–1956. Specifically, it deals with the holders of the administratively, most important function, that of political or later head secretary. However, it also respects an actual state of affairs within studied regions and departments and designates elite accordingly. Through methods of prosopography it examines social background of the selected elite and how these performed dominance in their respective domains. It comes to the conclusion that within the concerned period the social origins and power practices of the elite shifted dramatically in accordance with the transformations of the Czechoslovak state-socialist dictatorship itself. These changes did not happen continuously, but in conditions of strained hardships and major turnarounds. In the process, new or semi-new elite was created and revolutionary ethos gave way to stabilization and smooth performance of power.
4
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Podnákladové ceny jako nekalá soutěž?

63%
Ondrejová D.
Právník. Teoretický časopis pro otázky státu a práva (The Lawyer - Scientific Review for Problems of State and Law)
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2022
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vol. 161
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issue 1
14-39
EN
The paper deals with the issue of underpricing from the perspective of the law against unfair competition. It points out the intertwining of the private and public branches of competition law and the confusion of the purpose of both branches in the decision-making practice of Czech courts when assessing the illegality of underpricing used by a non-dominant competitor. The Czech courts incorrectly adopt the conclusions of the case law of the CJEU on the assessment of the unlawful use of below-cost prices by a dominant competitor to cases where such prices are used by a competitor not in that position. This paper seeks to stimulate the debate on the issue at hand and outline appropriate approaches. The possible sanction of below-cost pricing should first be examined according to whether it is offered by the dominant competitor – if so, the application of antitrust law rules (as a sub-fact of abuse of dominance) is appropriate, while cumulative sanction by the law against unfair competition is not excluded. If the use of underpricing is committed by a competitor without a dominant market position, then only the unfair competition law sanction is applicable – in the context of the cumulative fulfilment of the conditions of the general unfair competition clause, it is necessary to take into account the extent and duration of the impact on the relevant market, other competitors or customers, whether the application of below-cost prices is accompanied by an intention on the part of the competitor to eliminate competition on the market (or a particular competitor), the nature of the market, the behaviour of the average consumer on that market (what is the general price level of the goods or services offered at below-cost prices, what is the consumer’s reaction to the price change, what is the substitutability of the goods or services, etc.).
CS
Příspěvek se zabývá problematikou podnákladových cen z pohledu práva proti nekalé soutěži. Poukazuje na vzájemné prolínání soukromoprávní a veřejnoprávní větve soutěžního práva a zaměňování účelu obou větví v rozhodovací praxi českých soudů při posuzování protiprávnosti podnákladových cen užívaných nedominantním soutěžitelem. České soudy nesprávně přejímají závěry judikatury Soudního dvora EU ve věci posuzování protiprávního užití podnákladových cen dominantního soutěžitele i na případy, kdy tyto ceny užívá soutěžitel nezaujímající toto postavení. Tento příspěvek se snaží vyvolat diskusi nad posuzovanou problematikou a nastolit vhodné přístupy. Případný postih podnákladových cen je nutno nejprve zkoumat podle toho, zda tyto nabízí dominantní soutěžitel – pokud ano, je namístě aplikace pravidel antitrustového práva (jako dílčí skutková podstata zneužití dominantního postavení), přičemž kumulativní postih právem proti nekalé soutěži není vyloučen. Pokud se užití podnákladových cen dopouští soutěžitel bez dominantního postavení na trhu, poté přichází v úvahu postih toliko podle práva proti nekalé soutěži – v rámci kumulativního naplnění podmínek generální klauzule nekalé soutěže je nutné zohledňovat, v jaké míře a délce trvání ovlivňují relevantní trh, ostatní soutěžitele nebo zákazníky, zda uplatnění podnákladových cen doprovází záměr soutěžitele eliminovat konkurenci na trhu (či konkrétního soutěžitele), charakter trhu, chování průměrného spotřebitele na tomto trhu (jaká je obecná hladina ceny u zboží či služby nabízené za podnákladové ceny, jak na změnu ceny reaguje spotřebitel, jaká je zastupitelnost zboží či služeb apod.).
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