Search results

1

Narkomania w wojsku – wybrane uwarunkowania

100%

Dudek M.

Annales. Etyka w Życiu Gospodarczym

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2009

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vol. 12

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issue 2

EN

Drug abuse is a growing social problem in Poland and is a particularly serious problem in the Military. The conditions of military service may be a factor that stimulates drug addiction among soldiers, particularly those who are psychically and physically weak and not adapted to team work. The psychical stress that results from the abrupt breaking of existing bonds and social relationships (family, colleagues, partners) is intensified by spatial limits (military barracks), and the character of military units (personal freedom limitation). Another important aspect is, natural in this situation, access to weapons and the nature of tasks performed by a modern army. Yet the army continues to recruit young people who are physically and mentally weaker and weaker. In face of this problem, the commanders, supervisors and teachers are required to possess not only psychological and pedagogical knowledge, but also ethical and moral awareness. The article is based on empirical results of the test conducted in 2007 among 100 conscription soldiers of the Lublin Garrison of the Polish Army.

2

Representation of mental oddity in two novels by Philip K. Dick

100%

Podleśny D.

Świat i Słowo

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2017

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vol. 15

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issue (1) 28

55-68

EN

The paper focuses on two novels featuring several examples of Dick’s characters who experience mental incapacities, breakdowns or suffer from serious mental states. In one of his novels, Martian Time-Slip (1964), the writer makes use of the possibilities of the “space-opera” setting to create a dramatic narrative featuring two people whose comprehension of the surrounding reality differs from that of the “normal” characters. The novel discusses the social incongruity of those who are considered mentally ill, and their struggle to overcome society’s conformity and ignorance, when it comes to accepting such people in society. The two focal characters are Manfred Steiner and Jack Bohlen; the former is an autistic child and the latter suffers from a latent form of schizophrenia. Both of them struggle to survive in the grim and oppressive environment of human colonies on Mars. In a much later novel, A Scanner Darkly (1977), Dick explores the process of gradual disintegration of human mind, resulting from excessive use of drugs. Bob Arctor, a local junkie, who is, in fact, an under-cover government agent, infiltrates the community of drug users. However, his cover forces him to take drugs, which leads him to serious brain damage resulting in schizophrenic fits and imminent mental disintegration.

3

Suicidální chování a abúzus návykových látek

80%

Záškodná H., Pavlica K.

Psychologie a její kontexty

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2010

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vol. 1

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issue 2

211-219

EN

Both suicide and drug addiction represent serious health and social problems which occur globally across all cultures, causing devastating effects and loss of life. An overview of the literature and statistics from monitoring centres shows that suicide is associated with many risk factors, including psychopathological symptomatology. This article presents several risk factors and assesses the links between suicide and drug addiction.

4

Ocena zgodności z Konstytucją RP przepisów ustawy o samorządzie gminnym dotyczących wydawania przepisów porządkowych

70%

Gromek Z.

Zeszyty Prawnicze BAS

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2021

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issue 2(70)

301-328

EN

In the Sejm’s position on the Leszno City Council’s motion, it has been stated that article 40 para. 3 3 of the Act on Communal Self-government is consistent with the Constitution to the extent in which it allows the issuance of provisions for the maintenance of order only within the scope not regulated in separate acts or other generally binding regulations. The City Council filed the motion in connection with doubts as to whether it is permissible to establish by the council of the commune, by means of issuing provisions for the maintenance of order, a ban on selling psychoactive substances known as boosters. In the Sejm’s opinion, the matter covered by these provisions for the maintenance of order has been regulated by separate acts of law and therefore it is not possible to regulate this matter differently by local law.

5

O efektywności prawa karnego, ciemnej liczbie, wiktymizacji i rozmiarach narkomanii

70%

Tyszkiewicz L., Kosmowski S.

Archiwum Kryminologii

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2002

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issue XXVI

101-131

EN

The article presents the results of survey research carried out in the Katowice and Chorzów regions (SE Poland). In early 2000 we obtained 414 questionnaires completed by under- and post-graduate students at the University of Silesia’s Law and Administration Department and students of local high schools. The investigation was victimology-oriented, the respondents being asked not only whether they had been victims of crime of various kinds but also whether the perpetrator had been punished. Our premise was that based on measures adopted by Polish criminal procedure the victim of a crime was entitled to know of the offender’s punishment, assuming that he had in fact been convicted. Within our sample the predominant group was young people, females marginally outnumbered males, almost all respondents reported average or above-average circumstances, and almost all were also urban–dwellers, the vast majority living in towns with populations of over 100,000. The first question that interested us was the effectiveness of the law, chich is most fully reflected in measurements of absolute effectiveness, that is, the percentage of crimes punished to the total number of crimes actually committed. This umounted to 3.33%. If we deduct the relatively large number of non-indictable offenses, i.e. not subject to prosecution by the state (e.g. libel and slander) the figure rises to 4.02%. In addition to the absolute effectiveness measure we also calculated a relative effectiveness index. It was the ratio of punished offenses to the total number of offenses reported to law-enforcement authorities by the respondents. In our survey the relative effectiveness index amounted overall to 20.0% and after the elimination of non-indictable offenses to 19.7%. To estimate effectiveness we deducted offenses committed in 1999 on the assumption that the majority of these were too recent for prosecution and conviction to have taken place. Obviously, a crucial influence on measurement of the effectiveness of the law is exerted by the number of offenses reported to law-enforcement authorities. Our questionnaire was designed to allow respondents to adduce the number of instances of victimization in the preceding year and in general without mentioning their location in time. Since the survey was carried out in earlv 2000 the preceding year was 1990. The level of notification of crimes for the whole period in question came in our survey to 15.3% of the total incidence of crime. For 1999 this ratio recorded a count of 13.1% in other words was fractionally lower. After deducting non-indictable offenses these indexes rise to 19.9% and 19.0 % respectively. The most frequently reported crimes were burglaries (58.7%). Next on the list came simple larceny (18.6%) and fraud (18.1%, 29.5% in 1999); no cases of bribery were reported. A relatively rarely reported crime was robbery with violence (12.2%, 13.7% in 1999). The so-called "dark figure" can be stated in a variety o ways. One is by an absolute number, either broader or narrower. This depends on inclusion in the dark figure of all offenses actually committed or only those which are not reported to the law-enforcement authorities or are subject to private prosecution. Another way of determining the dark figure is by an index- or ratio-based measure. Here, too, there are two possibilities. In the first the number of offenses actually committed per the number punished is calculated. The second estimates the number of offenses actually committed per the number reported. The findings of our survey were as follows. The dark figure for the total number of crimes actually committed and the whole of the period in question amounted in absolute terms to 1,492 and for unreported offenses to 1,263. For 1999 corresponding counts came to 562 and 488 respectively. In index-measured terms the number of offenses actually committed per the number reported amounted for the whole period in question to 6.5 and for 1999 to 7.6, in other words to fractionally more. The number of offenses actually committed per the number punished (after deducting offenses committed in 1999) since it is hardy likely that any of these would already have been punished in early 2000 amounted to 30. Considerable attention was given to determining the structure of offenses committed, reported and punished and to the structure of offenses committed to the injury of different categories of victims (men, women, high school students, undergraduates, doctoral students). Differences were found here. The most significant was that the most frequent victims of offenses against the person are males and persons in the younger age group; the same pattern holds for robberies with violence of which females are only exceptionally the victims (only three cases in the whole the of the material gathered by the survey). By contrast, females and persons in the older age group are the most frequent victims of simple larceny. An in-depth victimologicar analysis yielded the following findings. The coefficient of victimization, that is, the total number of offenses per member of the sample, amounted for the totality of our respondents over the whole period in question to 3.60, though it was much higher for the male and younger age group (5.5 for the former and 7.86 for the fourth-year high school students). In the females group as a whole the coefficient came to 2.40 and was highest in the doctoral students sub-group (3.27). The victimization index is the percentage of the number of crime victims in the whole of the sample. If we subtract the victimization index from 100 we will obtain a percentage measure of the number of persons who have not be victims either of any crime or of a crime of particular kind. For the whole of the sample and the whole of the period in question this index amounted to 76.1%, i.e. the number of non-victimized persons did not exceed 23.9%; for 1999 the counts were 47.1% and 52.9% respectively. The victimization index in the males group amounted to 85.1% for the whole period in question and to 57.8% for 1999; in the females group the analogous counts came to 70,4% and 40.3% respectively. Victimization intensity is a measure which is characterized by the number of criminal acts committed per victim. In our survey it amounted to 4.74 for the whole sample and the whole period covered by the survey and to 2.88 for 1999. The analogous scores for the males and females group came to 6.46 and 3.68 and for the females to 3.41 and 2.16. An important supplement to victimological investigation is determining an index of victimization variation. It completes the picture provided by victimization intensity. For obvious reasons this measure is calculated only for the whole sample or its subgroup. It illustrates how many kinds of offenses have been committed against the average victim. Victimization variation is calculated by dividing the sum of the number of individuals wronged by particular categories of offenses by the total number of victims among the persons included in the sample. There is a certain relationship between victimization intensity and variation. If intensity equals one, variation also equals one. Aside from this instance variation either equals intensity or is slightly lower. Variation can never exceed the number of the kinds of offenses specified in an investigation. Within these limits the closer the variation index is to the value of variation, the higher the variation of criminality given that intensity is relatively high. If inteisity approaches unity variation, despite the proportionately high level of the index, diminishes. In our survey intensity for the whole group and for the whole period in question amounted to 4.74 and for 1999 to 2.88. In other words, the average number of offenses per victim came overall to almost five, and in 1999 this average came to close on three.The variation measures attained a level of, respectively, 2.38 and 1.58 which means that, overall, victims were wronged on average by two kinds of offenses and in 1999 by between one and tow. The highest intensity occurred in the males subgroup of the high school students group (8.24) which also had the highest variation index (3.46). As for intensity second place was occupied by males in the doctoral students group (8.04), thougt its variation score/count was markedly lower than in the high school students group (2.80). Our survey also indicated the scale of drug abuse. The respondents were asked to state the number of contacts they had had with persons using drugs and with dealers or producers of drugs. Within the whole group studied contacts with consumers of drugs were reported by 49.0% of the respondents and contacts with drug dealers or producers by 25.1%. These contacts were much more frequent among the high school students (67.4% and 39.3% respectively) than among tne undergraduates and doctoral students (27.4% and 8.6%). The survey presented here covered a relatively small group of persons and one drawn from only a single region. Further investigations of this type are essential.

6

Zwalczanie tak zwanych dopalaczy normami prawa karnego w ustawie o przeciwdziałaniu narkomanii

61%

Nawrocki M.

Acta Iuris Stetinensis

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2018

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issue 22

59-76

PL

Niniejsza publikacja jest poświęcona problematyce zwalczania „dopalaczy” za pomocą przepisów prawa karnego. W związku z przygotowywanymi nowelizacjami przepisów konieczne jest poddanie projektowanych zmian analizie. Zasadniczo należy zgodzić się z potrzebą wprowadzenia odpowiedzialności karnej za posiadanie i wprowadzanie do obrotu „dopalaczy”, choć wydaje się, że przedstawione projekty nie rozwiązują wszystkich zdiagnozowanych już problemów.

EN

This publication is devoted to the issue of combating “legal highs” by means of criminal law. In connection with the prepared amendments to the regulations, it is necessary to subject the proposed changes to an analysis. Essentially, one should agree with the need to introduce criminal liability for the possession and marketing of “legal highs”, although it seems that the presented projects do not solve all the problems already diagnosed.

7

Demographic and Social Determinants of Safety of Local Communities in Warmia and Masuria

61%

Chmieliński B.

Security Dimensions: International & National Studies

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2017

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vol. 22(22)

78-98

EN

The picturesque landscape and tourist assets make Warmia and Masuria one of the most attractive regions in Poland. The area is commonly referred to as the “green lungs of Poland” and the “land of a thousand lakes”. Nonetheless, Warmia and Masuria rank among the poorest regions of Poland. The unemployment rate is the highest in Poland. Transport infrastructure (road and rail) is poorly developed. The tourism-oriented profile contributes to poor development of industry and commerce. Social and demographic problems to a considerable extent impact and determine the level of security of local communities. As demonstrated by research, safety and unemployment link with other social pathologies.

8

Umorzenie postępowania karnego w trybie art. 62a Ustawy z dnia 29 lipca 2005 r. o przeciwdziałaniu narkomanii jako pozytywny środek reakcji karnoprawnej stosowany wobec sprawców posiadających narkotyki miękkie w nieznacznej ilości i przeznaczone na własny użytek

51%

Bartha A., Uniwersytet Gdański W. P. i. A., adrianbartha@gmail.com

Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Iuridica

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2016

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vol. 76

PL

Ustawą nowelizacyjną z dnia 1 kwietnia 2011 r. wprowadzono do ustawy art. 62a umożliwiający umorzenie postępowania karnego jeszcze przed wydaniem postanowienia o wszczęciu śledztwa lub dochodzenia wobec sprawcy przestępstwa posiadania substancji psychotropowej lub środków odurzających, w tym także w wypadku mniejszej wagi (art. 62 ust. 1 i ust. 3 ustawy). Warunkiem koniecznym jest ustalenie, iż orzeczenie kary byłoby niecelowe ze względu na okoliczności popełnienia czynu, a także stopień jego społecznej szkodliwości, nadto podejrzewany posiadane środki odurzające lub substancje psychotropowe musi mieć w ilości nieznacznej i przeznaczone tylko na własny użytek. Artykuł omawia kwestie prawne wyżej opisanej instytucji, która wprowadziła możliwość depenalizacji zakresu odpowiedzialności karnej sprawcy – posiadacza narkotyków. Podjęto także próbę oceny skutków dodania art. 62a do ustawy poprzez analizę danych statystycznych, obrazujących zastosowanie tej instytucji przez prokuraturę i sąd karny w praktyce orzeczniczej.

EN

By the Act amendment of 1 April 2011, Art. 62a was incorporated into the original Act, which allows discontinuance of criminal proceedings before issuing an order to initiate an investigation or inquiry against a perpetrator in possession of psychotropic substances or intoxicants, including the case of lesser importance (Art. 62 (1 and 3) of the Act). A necessary condition is to establish that a verdict of a sentence would be pointless because of an offence circumstances and a degree of its social harmfulness. Also a person that is suspected of possession of drugs or psychotropic substances must have them in an insignificant quantity and only for personal use. This paper discusses some legal issues of the above described institution, which introduced a possibility of decriminalization of criminal liability of a perpetrator − a holder of drugs. The author also attempts to assess the effects of adding Art. 62a to the Act by presenting statistical data which illustrate the application of this institution by the prosecution and the criminal court in judicial decisions.

9

Social Problems in Canadian Ice Hockey: An Exploration Through Film

51%

Fogel C. A.

Physical Culture and Sport. Studies and Research

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2014

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vol. 64

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issue 1

64-70

EN

While celebrated as a highly popular sport in Canada, there are many social problems existing within and around Canadian ice hockey. These problems are often overlooked and rarely depicted in academic and journalistic research on sport. These social problems include, but are not limited to: extreme violence resulting in injuries and death, hazing rituals, multiple types of sexual violence, drug abuse, financial corruption, as well as various forms of prejudice and discrimination. Prompted by pop-cultural depictions in films, this paper further identifies and explores social problems in Canadian ice hockey revealing the realism embedded within various seemingly fictional films.

10

CRIMINAL-LEGAL ASPECTS OF THE DRUG ABUSE IN SOME COUNTRIES AND IMPOSED APPROACHES AGAINST IT

41%

Khamidov N.

International Journal of Legal Studies (IJOLS)

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2018

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issue 4(2)

177-182

EN

This article outlines the criminal-legal aspects and some characteristics of the crimes related to narcotics and psychotropic substances, also the nature of the drug trafficking has summarized. The actions of some public bodies and state authorities in the fight against such crimes in the some countries has been compared. Furthermore, it has been presented how drug addicts who are potential criminals, can pose a serious public danger to society (for example, committing a serious and especially serious crime against a person or during the “breaking” period at the time of drug intoxication - against property and against the person).

PL

Artykuł ten przedstawia aspekty prawno-karne nadużywania i nielegalnego rozprzestrzeniania narkotyków, charakterystykę handlu narkotykami oraz cechy przestępstw związanych z narko-tykami i substancjami psychotropowymi. W artykule porównane zostały działania organów publicznych i władz państwowych w walce z przestępstwami narkotykowymi w różnych krajach. Ponadto, zostało omówione w jaki sposób osoby uzależnione od narkotyków, które są potencjalnymi przestępcami, mogą stanowić poważne publiczne zagrożenie dla społeczeństwa (na przykład gdy popełnią przestępstwo przeciwko osobom lub ich własności, będąc pod wpływem narkotyków).

11

Analiza zjawiska nadużywania przez polską młodzież leków dostępnych bez recepty i ziół niepodlegających kontrolowanemu obrotowi: część I

41%

Suchecka D., Kucharska-Mazur J., Groszewska K., Mak M., Samochowiec J., Samochowiec A.

Medycyna Pracy

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2017

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vol. 68

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issue 3

413-422

EN

The phenomenon of stupefying by the use of available over-the-counter drugs (OTC) among adolescents is an essential problem in both Poland and throughout the world. Popular analgesics, cold medicine and antihistamines contain psychedelic substances, such as dextromethorphan (DXM), pseudoephedrine/ephedrine, codeine (methylmorphine), dimenhydrinate, paracetamol (acetaminophren) and others. Cases of fatal addiction to dextromethorphan, one of the active substances contained in medicines, e.g., the common cold, have been reported. The test results cited by the authors clearly indicate that the use of OTC drugs, whose turnover is not controlled is a domain of females. The extent of use of drugs not prescribed by a doctor has remained for many years at a constant level. The most common poisonings with OTC drugs are caused by those that affect the respiratory system or exert analgesic or antipyretic effects. They are also used in attempted suicides, especially among females. Analyzing poisonings caused by OTC medications their seasonality has been observed. Their number increases during spring–autumn. A territorial differentiation in areas of OTC drug trade in terms of their quantities, with the predominance of southern regions is also noted. Intoxication with psychoactive substances causes the deterioration of relations between young people. In the reviewed studies there is no detailed information on the composition of non-prescription medicines. Moreover, young people have easy access to mushroom fungi, growing in nearby forests and meadows that may have hallucinogenic effects and are available in pharmacies and on the Internet. Med Pr 2017;68(3):413–422

PL

Zjawisko odurzania się lekami dostępnymi bez recepty (over-the-counter – OTC) przez młodzież jest problemem obecnym zarówno w Polsce, jak i na świecie. Popularne leki przeciwbólowe, na przeziębienie i przeciwhistaminowe zawierają substancje psychoaktywne, takie jak dekstrometorfan (DXM), pseudoefedryna/efedryna, kodeina (metylomorfina), dimenhydrynat, paracetamol (acetaminofen) i inne. Opisywane są przypadki uzależnienia od dekstrometorfanu, który jest jedną z substancji czynnych leków np. na przeziębienie. Przytoczone przez autorów wyniki badań wskazują jednoznacznie, że używanie leków OTC, którymi obrót nie podlega kontroli, dotyczy głównie płci żeńskiej. Poziom używania leków nieprzepisanych przez lekarza utrzymuje się od wielu lat na stałym poziomie. Najczęściej zatrucia lekami OTC są spowodowane preparatami z grupy tych, które wpływają na układ oddechowy lub działają przeciwbólowo czy przeciwgorączkowo. Wykorzystywane są one również w próbach samobójczych, głównie przez osoby płci żeńskiej. Analiza zatruć lekami OTC ujawniła ich sezonowość – ich liczba wzrasta w okresie wiosenno-letnim. Zauważalne jest zróżnicowane terytorialne, z przewagą terenów południowych, ilości sprzedawanych leków tego typu. Odurzanie się substancjami psychoaktywnymi powoduje pogorszenie relacji między młodymi ludźmi. W analizowanych badaniach brakuje szczegółowych informacji dotyczących składu analizowanych leków dostępnych bez recepty. Ponadto młodzież ma dostęp do grzybów mogących mieć działanie halucynogenne, rosnących w lasach i na łąkach, a także sprzedawanych w sklepach zielarskich i Internecie. Med. Pr. 2017;68(3):413–422

Refine search results

Narkomania w wojsku – wybrane uwarunkowania

Representation of mental oddity in two novels by Philip K. Dick

Suicidální chování a abúzus návykových látek

Ocena zgodności z Konstytucją RP przepisów ustawy o samorządzie gminnym dotyczących wydawania przepisów porządkowych

O efektywności prawa karnego, ciemnej liczbie, wiktymizacji i rozmiarach narkomanii

Zwalczanie tak zwanych dopalaczy normami prawa karnego w ustawie o przeciwdziałaniu narkomanii

Demographic and Social Determinants of Safety of Local Communities in Warmia and Masuria

Umorzenie postępowania karnego w trybie art. 62a Ustawy z dnia 29 lipca 2005 r. o przeciwdziałaniu narkomanii jako pozytywny środek reakcji karnoprawnej stosowany wobec sprawców posiadających narkotyki miękkie w nieznacznej ilości i przeznaczone na własny użytek

Social Problems in Canadian Ice Hockey: An Exploration Through Film

CRIMINAL-LEGAL ASPECTS OF THE DRUG ABUSE IN SOME COUNTRIES AND IMPOSED APPROACHES AGAINST IT

Analiza zjawiska nadużywania przez polską młodzież leków dostępnych bez recepty i ziół niepodlegających kontrolowanemu obrotowi: część I