Search results - CEJSH

1

Opinia na temat obowiązku wprowadzenia przez Polskę do sprzedaży aptecznej bez recepty produktu leczniczego ellaOne

100%

Olejniczak D., Kuszel K.

Zeszyty Prawnicze BAS

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2015

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issue 1(45)

93-99

EN

The opinion deals with the effects of the European Commission Implementing Decision whereby ellaOne is commercially available in all Member States without a prescription. The analysis leads to the conclusion that under the existing law, Poland is obliged to implement the decision of the Executive Committee and the medicinal product ellaOne should be available over-the-counter. Nevertheless, Polish legislature may decide to exclude or restrict the sale or use of medicinal products as contraceptives or abortifacients. Therefore, it is permissible to adopt a regulation to prohibit the sale of ellaOne or adopt provisions specifying that it will be available in Poland only on prescription.

2

Cannabis indica as a motivation for foreign travel by Polish citizens

100%

Matczak A., Pawlicki P.

Turyzm

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2016

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vol. 26

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issue 2

49-56

EN

Based on an anonymous on-line questionnaire survey, conducted among 1000 respondents, the authors present their demographic, socio-economic and spatial profile, their attitude to cannabis and the tourist trips they went on (scale, directions, destinations), involving cannabis consumption. Tourist trips of this kind were attractive to quite a large number of young people, mostly inhabiting large Polish cities, who usually had used and continued to use this drug. Trips inspired by cannabis were most often made to the nearby Czech Republic and Netherlands, as well as (less frequently) to Spain.

3

Prínos mimoškolských športových aktivít v prevencii drogovej závislosti stredoškolskej mládeže

100%

Lisnik A.

Scientific Bulletin of Chełm - Section of Pedagogy

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2013

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issue 1

107-113

EN

One possibility of reducing drug addiction among young people is development of educational and extracurricular activities of students during their studies in secondary schools. Organization of sporting events and competitions can be included among the effective means of primary prevention in the fight against drugs especially since one of the reasons of drug abuse is curiosity and free time among young people. The article deals with the use of sports activities as one of the means of primary prevention of drug addiction among high school students.

4

Opinia prawna stanowiąca uzupełnienie opinii na temat obowiązku wprowadzenia przez Polskę do sprzedaży aptecznej bez recepty produktu leczniczego ellaOne

100%

Kondrat M.

Zeszyty Prawnicze BAS

|

2015

|

issue 1(45)

100-106

EN

The author provides an analysis of Poland’s obligations as a Member State of the European Union, relating to the implementation of Community law in so far as it concerns Ellaone contraceptive. He points out that Regulation 726/2004 does not regulate issues related to the marketing of medicinal products in a comprehensive manner. Directive 2001/83/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council, according to its Article 4 para. 4, does not affect the application of national legislation prohibiting or restricting the sale or use of medicinal products as contraceptives or abortifacients. In Poland, there is no legislation expressly establishing a ban or restrictions on marketing or application of this particular type of agents, and any possible national legislation introduced to implement the restrictions permitted under the Directive should not only aim at eliminating the effect of the decision of the European Commission amending marketing authorisation issued by a decision (2009) 4049 for “ellaOne – ulipristal acetate”, a medicinal product for human use, but should relate to this category of products.

5

THE EUROPEAN MONITORING CENTRE FOR DRUGS AND DRUG ADDICTION - SELECTED SYSTEM-WIDE ISSUES AND ACTIVITIES

100%

Woch K.

Review of European and Comparative Law

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2018

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vol. 34

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issue 3

41-57

PL

The issue of drugs is an important problem for the European citizens and it poses a serious threat to safety and health of the European society. This is mainly due to the fact that one of the basic features characterizing the problem of drugs is its changeable and dynamic nature. Furthermore, the drug-related phenomena haveno borders, they exist everywhere where people live and affect all social classes. The European Union is one of the international organizations which, both by its own activities and the efforts of the member states, attempts to prevent and fight the adverse effects associated with drug abuse. The implementation of such a goal is possible thanks to the activities of the agency responsible for the holistic study of the problem of drugs and drug addiction and for popularization of the obtained information among the EU institutions, Member States and other organizations. The purpose of the article is to present the activities of the European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction, whose role is to provide factual, objective, reliable and comparable information of the European standard on drugs and drug addiction as well as their effects both on the European Union itself andthe member states.

6

Leki innowacyjne a leki generyczne w przemyśle farmaceutycznym Stanów Zjednoczonych

100%

Wrześniak G.

Zeszyty Naukowe Uniwersytetu Ekonomicznego w Krakowie

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2011

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issue 858

83-92

EN

The pharmaceutical industry has always been an example of modernity and innovation. Economists point out in their research that patents play a more important role in the pharmaceutical industry than in other technical industries. This is due to the high costs of discovering and developing innovative drugs, though the cost of generic imitation is minimal. The article attempts to define the importance of patent protection and generic regulations for the development of and access to new drugs. Economic aspects of the innovation process and legislative changes concerning generic drugs complement results of the analysis of empirical data. Using this data, the author comes to the conclusion that the implemented changes are negatively correlated with the pharmaceutical companies’ motivation to innovate. Delaying strategies being developed and generic competition have an influence on the strength and extent of their innovation.

7

Boosters – a Phenomenon and Threats

100%

Jędrzejko M., Netczuk-Gwoździewicz M.

Security Dimensions: International & National Studies

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2016

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vol. 17(17)

99-113

EN

the article is an analysis of the issue of drugs consumption, in the historical context, and concentrates on the synthetic drugs production that lasts for the last decades. authors mainly focus on the most present topic – the boosters: their impact on health (intoxication), distribution and production. they consider measures taken by authorities to fight this phenomenon, as well as show its partial efficiency due to changes in boosters production (flexible changes of consistence) and distribution (foreign platforms use).

8

Drug use, smoking, alcohol abuse and assertiveness of medical students from Poland and Belarus

100%

Kułak-Bejda A., Waszkiewicz N., Shpakau A., Bejda G., Dróżdż-Kubicka E.

Progress in Health Sciences

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2018

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vol. 8(2)

62-69

EN

Introduction: Human health is largely determined by factors such as human behavior and style of life. Purpose: To evaluate selected patterns of behavior of medical students, such as smoking, alcohol abuse, drug use, and their assertiveness. Materials and methods: The study included 338 students from Bialystok, Poland, and 339 from Grodno, Belarus. The original questionnaire, Fasterström's Nicotine Addiction Test, Michigan Alcoholism Screening Test, Drug Use Problem Test, and Assertiveness Test according to Grębski were all used. Results: In both groups, the level of cigarette dependence was low, with 10% of the students from Poland and 15% from Belarus being habitual cigarette smokers. No significant differences were found in the frequency of alcohol consumption between Polish (57%) and Belarusian (52%) students. Of the respondents, 3.3% from Poland and 1.5% from Belarus met the criteria of alcohol dependence according to the MAST test. There were no statistically significant differences in the frequency of drug use between the Polish (1.5%) and Belarusian (1.8%) students. The average level of assertiveness was 16.2 for Polish students and 15.4 for Belarusian students, which was a significant difference. Conclusions: These results indicate similar percentages of Polish and Belarusian students smoke cigarettes, drink alcohol, and use drugs. In addition, Polish students were more assertive than Belarusian students.

9

Decyzja ramowa Rady 2004/757/WSiSW z dnia 25 października 2004 r. ustanawiająca minimalne przepisy określające znamiona przestępstw i kar w dziedzinie nielegalnego handlu narkotykami. Wpływ na kształt polskiej ustawy o przeciwdziałaniu narkomanii

88%

Łęski M., Wójcicka M.

Journal of Modern Science

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2015

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issue 3(26)

211-224

EN

In this article the Authors present the introduction of Council Framework Decision 2004/757 / JHA / into the legal system of the European Union and the Member States. In the fi rst part, historical facts preceding the draft ing and implementation of the decision there have been presented. It means in particular – the documents issued by the European Union on combat and prevent drug abuse. Th e article also presents data of a social nature with regard to the drug problem among youths. Th en the content broadly discuss provisions of the concerned legislation with respect inter alia to the defi nitions contained in it, forms of crime, penalties, special circumstances and the liability of legal persons. In the last part the above provisions were discussed in detail in terms of their subsequent implementation in the Polish legal system. Simultaneously it took into account the scope of required changes made by the legislature in order to make full use of the Decision. Th e Authors also referred to the issue of repressive drug policy in Poland compared to other European Union countries.

PL

W niniejszym artykule Autorzy zaprezentowali wprowadzenie Decyzji ramowej Rady 2004/757/WSiSW/ do porządku prawnego Unii Europejskiej oraz Państw Członkowskich. W pierwszej części przedstawiono fakty historyczne poprzedzające sporządzenie oraz implementację omawianej Decyzji, tj. wydane przez Unię Europejską dokumenty nt. zwalczania i zapobiegania narkomanii oraz dane o charakterze społecznym z uwzględnieniem problemu narkotyków i narkomanii wśród młodzieży szkolnej. Następnie, w sposób rozszerzający, przedstawiono zapisy omawianego aktu, odnoszące się między innymi do zawartych w nim defi nicji, forma stadialnych i zjawiskowych, kar, okoliczności szczególnymi oraz odpowiedzialności osób prawnych. W części ostatniej, powyższe zapisy zostały szczegółowo omówione pod kątem późniejszej ich implementacji w polskim porządku prawnym, z uwzględnieniem zakresu wymaganych zmian dokonywanych przez ustawodawcę w celu pełnego stosowania Decyzji. Autorzy odnieśli się również do kwestii represyjności polityki antynarkotykowej w Polsce na tle innych krajów Unii Europejskiej.

10

Controversial advertising of medicines. A comparison between Poland and the United States

88%

Makowska M.

Annales. Etyka w Życiu Gospodarczym

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2018

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vol. 21

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issue 5

67-79

EN

For many years, the subject of aggressive marketing campaigns conducted by pharmaceutical companies has been raised in Poland. Drug ads are everywhere, on television, the radio, magazines and on the Internet. Therefore, it is extremely important is to ensure both their legal and ethical dimension. This article will present the differences between direct-to-consumer advertising of medicines in Poland and in the US. The dissimilarities result mainly from differences in legislation. In Poland, the law is much stricter than in the US. For example, in the United States companies are allowed to advertise prescription drugs directly to patients. In the whole of the European Union, and thus in Poland, it is strictly prohibited. The article will also present other regulations existing in Poland and in the United States and it will compare them. It will offer examples of violations of the law and ethics in the advertising of medicine in both countries. Lastly, it will briefly outline the negative consequences of unacceptable pharmaceutical marketing.

11

Perspektywa zwalczania zorganizowanej przestępczości narkotykowej w Polsce – propozycja narzędzi diagnostycznych

88%

Rudnicka M.

Prosopon. Europejskie Studia Społeczno-Humanistyczne

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2018

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issue 1(22)

99-107

EN

Drugs are one of the greatest threats to the development of Polish society, eliminating thousands of people from normal life. It should be emphasized that drugs and the associated crime, most often organized, is one of the most serious threats to public safety and order. Drug trafficking and illicit trafficking is a source of capital and substantial income for the criminal world, and funds obtained from the sale of drugs are allocated, among others, for terrorist activity, illegal purchase of weapons, corruption, etc.

12

Drugs and State Vigilantism as a Strategy of Political Activity: The Example of Thailand, the Philippines, and Indonesia

88%

Bielawski K.

Polish Political Science Yearbook

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2023

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issue 3(53)

43-54

EN

The problem of distribution and consumption of intoxicating substances is considered a socially harmful phenomenon and Southeast Asia is a region particularly affected by drugs. In the face of this challenge, the heads of many states undertake radical actions, going beyond the legal framework, referred to as state vigilantism. Based on the example of three selected political leaders (Thaksin Shinawatra, Rodrigo Duterte and Joko Widodo), the author points out how radical strategies for fighting the drug problem contribute to increasing popularity, even though the problem has not been resolved since the early 1970s. Cross-comparison analysis of the three mentioned cases aims at identifying sources of effectiveness and attractiveness of populist methods that have not changed significantly for fifty years. Among them the author argues that vigilantism grows out of populism and takes the form of a spectacle containing such elements as dehumanising discourse, extrajudicial killings and the theme of the nation’s morality at risk.

13

Narkotyczna odyseja z rozkładem społecznym w tle – „Ślepnąc od świateł” Jakuba Żulczyka

88%

Piechota D.

Białostockie Studia Literaturoznawcze

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2018

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issue 13

219-232

EN

The article interprets Ślepnąc od świateł [Blind from the Lights] as a postmodern environmental novel which shows the life of residents in a large metropolis, entangled in constant consumption. The author reads the story as a continuation of the nineteenth century novel about a social decay. He proves that the depicted society, delighted with consumer culture, wastes its opportunities for development. As a result of the breakdown of social ties and constant work, urbanites suﬀer from permanent loneliness. The disillusionment is alsointensiﬁed by the disappearance of spirituality.. The crisis of authority and social antagonisms further undermine the integrity and the sense of coherencein the self. But Żulczyk’s characters fail to reﬂect on life, which the author of the article sees as the sign of immaturity.

14

Dobry towar

88%

Leder A.

Res Publica Nowa

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2013

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issue 1

151

EN

Trying to describe the discourse which is used in the drug business, the author looks closely at urban graffiti. The small signature of a drug dealer (“Good stuff”), modified several times by members of the local community, becomes part of the story about personal suffering, addiction and loss of dignity. By referring to Hannah Arend’s “On revolution”, the following article builds the parallel between the aristocracy just before the outbreak of the Great Revolution and the discourse of the drug business, which maintains a semblance of “charity”. In fact, both are based on the same hypocrisy, reducing human beings to the “naked need”.

15

Self-Declaration of Religiousness and This Variable’s Connections with Indications of Psychoactive Substance Use: Data from Empirical Studies (N=2273)

88%

Jedynak W., Motyka M. A.

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2018

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vol. 65

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issue 10: Nauki o rodzinie - English Online Version

141-163

EN

A steady increase in the use of intoxicants is being confirmed by empirical studies. One of the factors conducive to drug initiation is the rejection of moral norms associated with religious beliefs. The article presents the relations established between the youth’s declared religiousness and their statements on psychoactive drugs and using them. The data were collected through questionnaire surveys carried out on a randomly selected sample of high school students from the Podkarpackie region (n = 2273). The research results suggest that the process of secularisation and relativisation observed among the youth, particularly in the sphere of morality, may weaken critical attitudes towards psychoactive substances, both those legally allowed and those prohibited by law. Moreover, the links between the declared religiousness and such variables as: time spent on the Internet, acquaintances who are drug users, being raised by a single parent or both parents as well as the frequency of conversations between respondents and their parents were established. The connections between these variables are statistically significant, so it can be concluded that these distinguished variables influence the diversity in religiousness stated by participants and consequently the liberalisation of the youth’s attitudes towards drugs.

16

Uwarunkowania liberalizacji stanowisk wobec narkotyków oraz ich zażywania zidentyfikowane w środowisku szkolnym – dane z badań

87%

Motyka M. A.

Studia Edukacyjne

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2019

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issue 55

223-244

EN

Over the past few decades, researchers of drug addiction have drawn attention to the unprecedenteddynamics in the positions on drugs and a growing number of people who admit to the use of suchsubstances for hedonistic and recreational purposes. An intensification of drug addiction led to theidentification of a large number of drug-related problems which occur on individual, social and globallevels. The last decade has abounded in seemingly uncontrollable, numerous events linked mainly to the spread of “legal highs”. These events included: legal trade in those products in Poland, two waves of numerous deaths associated with their use, the extremely unscrupulous distribution of “legal highs”through websites, and particularly the liberalisation of attitudes towards those new designer drugs. The considerable importance in creating positions in favour of drug use should also be attributed to the popularity of marijuana, increasingly gaining a status of a recreational drug. This paper discusses the current reasons why the youth begin to use drugs as identified in the school environment. The research focused on obtaining reliable data allowing to diagnose the phenomenon of drug use by the young people in Podkarpacie Province and to determine factors contributing to drug initiation among this segment of population. In the quantitative research, the empirical data were collected through a specially designed questionnaire from a random sample of young people from 27 secondary schools in Podkarpacie Province (n=2237). Within the sample, 712 students (31%) admitted to using drugs. The most important educational factors for promoting psychoactive substances are low involvement in education and frequent school absences. Drugs are more commonly used by older students. The research material presented in this article can be successfully used by practitioners in the field, including sociologists, educators and psychologists, and by institutions active in social prevention. It can also form the starting point for further explorations of this important social phenomenon.

17

Kontrolované užívání nelegálních drog

75%

Nesládek M.

E-psychologie (E-psychology)

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2017

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vol. 11

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issue 1

44-58

EN

A consumption of illegal drug is traditionally considered to be a pathological phenomenon that inevitably leads to a drug addiction and to health, social or economic damage to both users and their kith and kin. However, research studies that have been carried out during last decades show that long term use of illicit substances in a controlled way is possible and when following of appropriate control mechanisms it effectively prevents the aforementioned problems that are usually linked to the drug use. This article summarizes current knowledge about controlled use of illicit drugs (heroin, cocaine, amphetamines, methamphetamines, marijuana, MDMA/ecstasy and hallucinogens): Individual theoretical models of control achievement are described, which differs in number of influencing variables and in their impact on gaining and maintaining control. Control mechanisms related to all aspects of drug use are considered to be key elements of control, irrespective of particular substance. Self-controlling users demonstrate multifarious patterns of use. Less risky and less intensive methods of use without injection application are prevailing. A typical self-controlling user is an unmarried and childless young man who lives in a relationship. Possible areas that could benefit from the concept of controlled drug use include addiction treatment and prevention.

CS

Užívání nelegálních drog je tradičně považováno za patologický jev, který nevyhnutelně vede k závislosti a k dalšímu zdravotnímu, sociálnímu či ekonomickému poškození uživatele i jeho okolí. Výzkumy provedené v posledních desetiletích ovšem dokládají, že je možné i tyto látky užívat dlouhodobě kontrolovaným způsobem a pomocí uplatňování vhodných regulačních mechanismů účinně předcházet problémům, které jsou s užíváním drog běžně spojovány. Článek shrnuje dosavadní poznatky z výzkumu kontrolovaného užívání nelegálních drog (heroin, kokain, amfetaminy, metamfetaminy, marihuana, MDMA/extáze a halucinogeny): popsány jsou jednotlivé teoretické modely dosahování kontroly, které se liší v počtu ovlivňujících proměnných a v jejich významu pro získání a udržení kontroly, za klíčový prvek kontroly jsou bez ohledu na zkoumanou látku považovány regulační mechanismy, které se týkají všech aspektů užívání. Kontrolující se uživatelé vykazují pestrý rejstřík vzorců užívání, převažují méně rizikové a méně intenzivní vzorce užívání s vyloučením injekční aplikace, typický kontrolující se uživatel je mladý muž, který žije v partnerském vztahu, je svobodný a bezdětný. Mezi možné aplikační oblasti konceptu kontrolovaného užívání drog patří léčba závislosti a prevence.

18

Suicide Death and the Action of Psychoactive Substances on the Body

75%

Włodarczyk R.

Internal Security

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2018

|

vol. 10(2)

61-77

EN

This report deals with the possible causes of suicidal death, which is often caused by psychoactive substances. It is not about the impact that damages individual human organs, but about the action that causes changes in an individual’s psyche. Drugs that are taken for various reasons for a long time can cause dependence on them, and sometimes they also lead to the appearance of suicidal thoughts. The author, concerned about the situation of the increasing number of suicides in our country within the last two years, decided to write an article. Mainly, it is targeted at people who often do not realize the possibility of addiction to drugs, the so-called afterburners, alcohol or other psychological means of self-destruction. The case described in the article is aimed at making people aware that addictions take place in different environments, and that individuals with well-being can take their own lives for reasons only known to them. In order to prevent, or at least significantly reduce the number of cases associated with the intake of psychoactive substances, which may also contribute to taking one’s own life, preventive measures are necessary. One should make adults (mainly parents) aware of their unconscious impact on the emergence of addictions to toxic agents on both the physical and mental health of emotionally immature juveniles. The young generation may not see alternatives to a distant future, and it is the duty of those who are responsible for them to show them the sense in continuing their existence.

19

Pojęcie „znacznej ilości środków odurzających” na tle wyroku Sądu Okręgowego w Szczecinie z dnia 4 lutego 2015 r., o sygn. akt IV Ka 1541/14

75%

Wojciech B.

Acta Iuris Stetinensis

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2017

|

issue 17

PL

W glosowanym wyroku Sąd Okręgowy w Szczecinie musiał zmierzyć się z pytaniem, jaka ilość środków odurzających powinna być kwalifikowana jako znaczna. Autor glosy rozwija rozważania sądu, częściowo krytycznie, a także uzupełnia je o stosowną argumentację.

EN

The Regional Court in Szczecin had to determine what amount of intoxicating substances should be considered significant. The Author in the comment for the court’s judgement amplifies its deliberating, partly critically, as well as completes it with proper reasoning.

20

Prevalence návykového chování u dětí v 11 a 15 letech v rámci studie ELSPAC

75%

Novotný J. S., Okrajek P.

Psychologie a její kontexty

|

2012

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vol. 3

|

issue 1

27-35

EN

Addictive behavior in children and adolescents represents a risk factor, which has in most cases a significant negative impact on the development of individual in adolescence, as well as the negative consequences in adulthood. The paper describes the prevalence of addictive behavior in a group of more than 1,600 children and adolescents at the ELSPAC study. The results are consistent with other studies and showed relatively high prevalence of addictive behavior, especially in the smoking and alcohol consumption (over 70% of respondents). Another finding is that girls are significantly more vulnerable group than boys.

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