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Prawo
|
2019
|
issue 329
343 - 352
PL
Dyrektywy konsumenckie licznie uchwalane w latach osiemdziesiątych i dziewięćdziesiątych XX wieku były oparte na metodzie minimalnej harmonizacji. Nie przyniosło to jednak spodziewanych rezultatów w zakresie zadawalającego zbliżenia systemów prawnych państw członkowskich i na początku XXI wieku prawodawca unijny zrezygnował z harmonizacji minimalnej na rzecz harmonizacji zupełnej (maksymalnej). Na gruncie usług turystycznych obowiązywała dyrektywa z 1990 roku w sprawie zorganizowanych wakacji, wycieczek i podróży, oparta na najniższym wspólnym mianowniku. Obecnie została ona zastąpiona dyrektywą z 2015 roku w sprawie imprez turystycznych i powiązanych usług turystycznych, wpisującą się w trend dyrektyw maksymalnych. W artykule poddano analizie i ocenie skuteczność zastosowania metody pełnej harmonizacji jako sposobu realizacji celów i założeń dyrektyw konsumenckich na przykładzie dyrektywy turystycznej z 2015 roku. W założeniu harmonizacja maksymalna powinna wydatnie przyczyniać się do urzeczywistniania idei wspólnego rynku, ułatwiać przedsiębiorcom świadczenie usług w sposób transgraniczny i jednocześnie zapewniać wysoki i jednolity poziom ochrony konsumentów. Jednakże analiza dyrektyw konsumenckich w kontekście ich transpozycji prowadzi do wniosku, że harmonizacja maksymalna raczej nie spełni pokładanych w niej oczekiwań. Nie doprowadzi do pełnego zbliżenia prawa w obszarach objętych zakresami dyrektyw; odrębności będą nadal występować i w dalszym ciągu będą zniechęcać konsumentów do usług transgranicznych. Natomiast negatywne konsekwencje transpozycji dyrektyw maksymalnych uwidoczniają się w postaci znacznej ingerencji w porządki prawne państw członkowskich i mogącym wystąpić negatywnym wpływem na stabilność krajowych systemów prawnych.
EN
Consumer directives adopted in large numbers during the 1980s and 1990s were based on the method of minimum harmonisation. However, this did not bring the expected results in terms of satisfactory convergence of Member States’ legal systems and at the beginning of the 21st century the EU legislator abandoned minimum harmonisation in favour of full or maximum harmonisation. Tourist services were covered by the 1990 Directive on package holidays, package tours, and package travel, which was based on the lowest common denominator. Now it has been replaced by the 2015 Directive on package travel and associated tourism services, which follows the trend of the maximum directives. The article analyses and evaluates the effectiveness of the full harmonisation method as a way of achieving the objectives and guidelines of consumer directives based on the example of the Travel Directive of 2015. It is intended that maximum harmonisation should contribute significantly to the completion of the single market, facilitate the cross-border provision of services by traders, and at the same time ensure a high and uniform level of consumer protection. However, analysis of consumer directives in the context of their transposition leads to the conclusion that maximum harmonisation is unlikely to meet expectations. It does not appear that it will lead to full convergence of legislation in the areas covered by the Directives. Distinctness will continue to exist and will continue to discourage consumers from cross-border services. On the other hand, the negative consequences of the transposition of the maximum directives are manifested by considerable interference with the legal orders of Member States and may have a negative impact on the stability of national legal systems.
EN
The purpose of the article is to research the nature of the projected package travel directive and its aims, scope, as well as the specific terminology, and to point out their importance for the future of tourism in the EU and in Poland. The author analyses the proposal of the European Commission for a directive of the European Parliament and of the Council on package travel and assisted travel arrangements of 9 July 2013, and the European Parliament legislative resolution of 12 March 2014, with relevant documents applied in the legislative proceedings by EU institutions and the Polish organs. The article presents the issues of maximum nature of the projected directive and its still undecided scope. It also signals difficulties and consequences concerning imprecise terms used in that project. The author expresses his conviction that the discussed directive will be accepted by the European Parliament and the Council not earlier than in 2015, while the first positive outcomes of these regulations for tourism in the EU and Poland will be perceivable after the implementation of the directive by the EU member states, probably not earlier than in the second half of 2017.
EN
The aim of this article is to present the analysis of chosen legal solutions concerning consumer protection in the touristic services market. The author tries to answer the questions if the actual status in this field is adequate to the needs of tourism market or there is a need of further changes. The main subject matter are civil law’s issues, especially those referring to contractual liability, it means liability for non-performance or improper performance of a contract – on the bases of both Polish civil code and tourist services act (for example compensation for wasted holiday). Contract content issues are also being considered, especially matters of abusive clauses. Part of the contemplation concerns terminological issues. The author claims that consumer protection act, that will apply from the 25th of December 2014, will not influence sphere of tourist services, because of its exclusion in this area. This exclusion is also included in an EU directive 2011/83 from 25th of October 2011. However, a new directive, which will replace a current one 90/314 from 13th of June 1990, can be of a vital significance. The directive will include some legal solutions that have not been regulated. In the author’s opinion, introducing new directive will not mean that a new tourist services acts will have to be enacted. The author believes that it is enough to amend an actual act from the 29th of August 1997, especially because the so far existing solutions of the Polish law concerning tourist agency’s client protection is to be acknowledged as sufficient.
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