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Zmiany w strukturze własności ziemiańskiej w dystrykcie radomskim 1939–1945,

100%

Gapys J.

Res Gestae. Czasopismo Historyczne

2013

vol. 14

213-221

During World War II, a series of changes took place in the social and economic sphere on the Polish lands occupied by Germans. One of spheres subject to German experiment was agriculture. The experiments were carried out both in Third Reich and in the General Government. In the GG, to which the Radom district belonged, the agricultiral sector, especially the great rural property, was subject to numerous modernization procedures (the use of chemical mechanization of production, irrigation, mergers). Germans intended to supply the sector which capital through degression, low-cost credits and exploitation privileges. It was all done in the context of plans for increasing the agricultural production for the war needs of Germany and of preparig for the colonization (i.e. germanization) of GG. Restructuring of the agrarian system was a prelude to this goal. One of the basic issues in this respect, apart from merger, was intervention into the proprietary relationships in farminng. Intervention of various German institutions (Liegenschaftverwaltung, Main Forest Department, Wehrmacht, Waffen SS, Police, local and district organs of the apparatus, general amninistration institutions and manufacturing plants). into the proprietary structure was carried out within the framework of the German property law. It was wery rigorous, howeever, it allowed for broad interpretation, mostly to the advantage of the occupant. The ordinance of 24th january 1940 that concerned the property of natural and legal persons announced that private property can be sequestered due its so-called public usefulness. It also stated that ownerless property (absence of the owner in the property) could be confiscated. While analyzing data from radom district, one can conclude that German intervention was not large-scale. According to estimations, about one fifth of the great property was taken over, the largest part by the Tresury (Liegenschaft, Forest Department) which possessed three quarters of all properties confiscated by the occupants. Properties taken over by the German army, police, SS, industry secctor or local government institutions served immediate war aims (in many cases, well-organized and well-localized properties were cnfiscated). In longer prrspective, they were supposed to become a basiis for the German colonization. Intervention into proprietary relations brought Germans also other than the economic ones. Imprecise and loosely interpreted law become a war instrument of extorting loyalty from the landed gentry. Landowners who wanted to keep their properties were usually forced to some extent of economic "cooperation" with the enemy, i.e. to using preferences, putting aside quotas, yielding to the supervision of the agrarian administration.

Ziemiaństwo polskie wobec komunistów i idei rewolucyjnej na przykładzie dystryktu radomskiego 1939–1945

72%

Gapys J.

UR Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences

2023

vol. 26

issue 1

99-115

In the final phase of the German occupation, the communist camp, in the General Government amongst other areas, embarked on the preparatory phase of the Marxist revolution. In the countryside it consisted mainly of fighting the Polish landowners, as a guarantor of the continuation of the old order. The fight against the landowners was carried out on an ideological level (anti-landowner propaganda in the countryside and on the estates), on an economic level (strikes, requisitions, contributions, destruction of crops and machinery), on an organizational level (attempts to set up parceling committees on the manors), and acts of terror (kidnappings, murders) were carried out to physically liquidate the landowners. Landowners, because of their conservative inclinations and social position, reacted negatively to the communist idea and the activities of the revolutionary camp. The political actions of the communists were considered illegal, and their operations against the landed gentry as mere banditry. While protecting their lives and property, at the same time they took steps to strengthen the anti-revolutionary camp by supporting the armed conspiracy and organizing their own political coteries. However, in view of the unfavorable geopolitical situation, these efforts ultimately proved ineffective.

W końcowej fazie okupacji niemieckiej obóz komunistyczny m.in. na terenie Generalnego Gubernatorstwa przystąpił do fazy przygotowawczej rewolucji marksistowskiej. W odniesieniu do środowisk wiejskich polegała ona głównie na zwalczaniu ziemiaństwa polskiego jako gwaranta trwania starego porządku. Zwalczanie obszarników prowadzono na płaszczyźnie ideologicznej (propaganda antyziemiańska na wsi i w majątkach), ekonomicznej (strajki, rekwizycje, kontrybucje, niszczenie plonów i parku maszynowego), organizacyjnej (próby zakładania w folwarkach komitetów parcelacyjnych) oraz ludzkiej (akty terroru i fizycznej likwidacji właścicieli majątków – porwania, mordy). Ziemianie z racji swojego konserwatywnego światopoglądu i pozycji społecznej odnieśli się negatywnie do idei komunistycznej i działań obozu rewolucji. Poczynania polityczne komunistów uznawali za nielegalne, a akcje przeciw ziemiaństwu za zwykły bandytyzm. Chroniąc swoje życie i mienie, jednocześnie podejmowali działania zmierzające do wzmocnienia obozu antyrewolucyjnego poprzez wsparcie konspiracji zbrojnej i organizowanie własnych koterii politycznych. Wobec jednak niekorzystnej sytuacji geopolitycznej zabiegi te okazały się nieskuteczne.

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1 Res Gestae. Czasopismo Historyczne

1 UR Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences

2 Gapys J.

1 2023

1 2013

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Zmiany w strukturze własności ziemiańskiej w dystrykcie radomskim 1939–1945,

Ziemiaństwo polskie wobec komunistów i idei rewolucyjnej na przykładzie dystryktu radomskiego 1939–1945