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PL
Artykuł ukazuje sylwetkę prof. Wacława Komarnickiego, posła na sejm II RP, jednego z najwybitniejszych polskich prawników. Przedstawiono jego młodość, pracę naukową i dydaktyczną w Wilnie i Warszawie oraz zaangażowanie polityczne przed wybuchem II wojny światowej. Okres niewoli sowieckiej został scharakteryzowany i wzbogacony relacją z pobytu w obozach jenieckich w Kozielsku i Griazowcu. Przedstawiono działalność publiczną w Wielkiej Brytanii, gdzie był ministrem sprawiedliwości w dwóch rządach RP na uchodźstwie w latach 1942–1944. The article presents the biography of Wacław Komarnicki, MP of the Second Polish Republic, one of the most outstanding Polish lawyers. The article discusses his youth, the period of scientific and didactic work in Vilnius and Warsaw and his political engagement before the outbreak of World War II. Particular emphasis is put on the period of captivity in the Soviet POW camps from September 1939 to August 1941; this period is characterised and enriched by Wacław Komarnicki’s report of the time he spent in POW camps at Kozelsk and Gryazovets. His public activity in Great Britain is presented as Minister of Justice in two Polish governments-in-exile in 1942–1944.
EN
At the outset of the article entitled Crossing the Borders in the Theory and Practice of Politics the author discusses universality of the phenomenon of crossing the borders in culture and distinguishes between two types of border crossing policy: ad intra and ad extra. The former is about getting involved in politics. For this reason the author discusses the concept of policy and politics. Crossing the borders ad extra can be connected with an absolutism and totalitarianism. It is connected with not complying with the nanny ethical standards or omission of political activity. In the final part of the article, the author discusses the dilemmas within the framework of political science. They are manifested by practicing this political science just as common knowledge or scientific discipline and by the problem of classifying political science to social science or humanistic researches.
PL
Przekraczanie granic w teorii i praktyce działalności politycznej podejmuje zagadnienie krzyżujących się perspektyw badawczych, przekraczanie granic obecne jest bowiem, jak wskazuje autor, nie tylko w polityce, ale również w nauce, która ją bada. Przekraczanie granic, doświadczane w polityce przez poszczególne osoby, środowiska i grupy społeczne może przyjąć formę ad intra, polegającą na samym podjęciu działalności politycznej ale także ad extra przykładem której są być rządy totalitarne, niespełnienie standardów etycznych czy też zaniechanie działalności politycznej. Autor zwraca również uwagę na fakt, że nauka o polityce przekracza granice dyscyplin łącząc w swojej metodologii cechy nauk społecznych lub humanistycznych.
EN
This study revolves around selected aspects of the activity of the Polish community in the Kiev, Podolia and Volyn governorates in 1864–1914. Questions have been asked about the activities nature, scope, directions and conditions, as well as the numbers and social background of the Poles involved in work for the benefit of the country. The extent of Polish socio-economic and political work in Russia at the time largely depended on the policy of the Tsarist authorities towards the local Poles. The efforts made were indicative of their real aspirations and served not only to save Polish property, but also to maintain the national awareness of the Polish community in Russia. After the October Manifesto was proclaimed, the efforts resulted in a number of cultural, educational and publishing initiatives, coupled with the establishment of organisations and associations, and the pursuit of political activity. Interestingly, they were a consequence of the sometimes isolated efforts for the benefit of the country before 1905. After the First Russian Revolution, on the other hand, they evolved into an arena for Ukrainian Poles to express their aspirations. Their elites sought, among other things, to restore their due position in the social hierarchy based on their status and economic power.
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