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EN
The aim of this study is to discuss selected aspects of insuring pieces of art. The problem of insuring portable cultural goods (museum collectibles) during domestic and international exhi-bitions is discussed for the first time. The conditions of insuring exhibitions of pieces of art offered by AXA were analysed in detail. What is more, the problematic, but often practised Unclaimed Property Act is pointed out. In the last part of the article, the examples of damages which took place in recent years are discussed.
PL
Opracowanie ma na celu przedstawienie wybranych aspektów ubezpieczeń dzieł sztuki. Autorka w niniejszym artykule przedstawi problem dostępnych na rynku ofert dedykowanych ubezpieczeniu dzieł sztuki oraz zaprezentuje zakres oraz warunki zawieranych umów. Opracowanie będzie składało się z czterech części. Jako pierwszy zostanie ukazany problem ubezpieczeń ruchomych dóbr kultury (muzealiów) podczas wystaw krajowych i zagranicznych. Szczegółowej analizie poddana zostanie oferta Towarzystwa Ubezpieczeń i Reasekuracji AXA S.A. dotycząca warunków ubezpieczenia wystaw dzieł sztuki. Ponadto w kontekście zawieranych umów, Autorka zwróci uwagę na kłopotliwą, ale często stosowaną w praktyce klauzulę mienia odzyskanego. W ostatniej części artykułu, zostaną zaprezentowane przykłady szkód, które miały miejsce w ostatnich latach.
PL
Przed wybuchem II wojny światowej dzieła sztuki zgromadzone w pałacu w Wilanowie uznawane były za największą na ziemiach polskich prywatną kolekcję. Tylko zbiory malarstwa obejmowały 1200 obrazów. Oprócz nich w kolekcji wilanowskiej znajdowały się zabytkowe meble, numizmaty, tkaniny, przedmioty rzemiosła artystycznego, rysunki i ryciny, ceramika i szkło, srebra i brązy, rzeźby oraz pamiątki po polskich władcach. Już w pierwszych tygodniach okupacji niemieccy urzędnicy dokonali wyboru najcenniejszych dzieł sztuki ze zbiorów wilanowskich i włączyli je go katalogu Sichergestellte Kunstwerke im Generalgouvernement. Publikacja prezentowała najcenniejsze dobra kultury zabezpieczone przez Niemców na terenie okupowanej Polski. Znalazło się w niej 76 obiektów – 29 obrazów oraz 47 przedmiotów reprezentujących rzemiosło artystyczne. W 1943 r. większość dzieł sztuki włączonych do cytowanego katalogu przewieziono do Krakowa. Rok później najcenniejsze zabytki pochodzące z kolekcji wilanowskiej ewakuowano na Dolny Śląsk. W Krakowie pozostała tylko część kolekcji wywiezionej z Wilanowa. Chaos ostatnich tygodni poprzedzających upadek III Rzeszy spowodował, że wiele dzieł sztuki z kolekcji wilanowskiej uważa się za stratę wojenną. Wśród obiektów, które zostały wpisane do wspomnianego katalogu znajduje się kilka wilanowskich obrazów – Portret mężczyzny Bartholomeusa van der Helsta, Para małżonków Pietera Nasona, Alegoria architektury, malarstwa i rzeźby Pompeo Batoniego, Przedstawienie alegoryczne w pejzażu Parisa Bordone i Wniebowzięcie Najświętszej Marii Panny Charlesa Le Bruna.
EN
The aim of the article is to look at the identity of an old woman on the example of works by Anna Świrszczyńska, which were compared with selected paintings. It was emphasized that the specificity of the poet’s artistic creation, her way of presenting a woman’s point of view to all phenomena and feelings, did not lead to the negation of male reality, but constituted its complement. The intended interdisciplinary nature of discourse is justified by the belief that the diversity of linguistic message multiplies the strength of art’s influence, empathically orientates recipients to the uniqueness as well as the individuality of the subject’s existential relationship with the world in works of art.
PL
Celem artykułu jest ogląd tożsamości starej kobiety na przykładzie utworów Anny Świrszczyńskiej, które porównano z wybranymi pracami malarskimi. Podkreślono, że specyfika kreacji artystycznej poetki, jej sposób prezentacji kobiecego punktu widzenia na wszelkie zjawiska i uczucia, nie prowadziła do negacji rzeczywistości męskiej, lecz stanowiła jej uzupełnienie. Zamierzona interdyscyplinarność dyskursu ma uzasadnienie w przekonaniu, że różnorodność językowego przekazu zwielokrotnia siłę oddziaływania sztuki oraz empatycznie orientuje odbiorców na niepowtarzalność i jednostkowość doświadczenia egzystencjalnej relacji podmiotu ze światem w dziełach sztuki.
Zeszyty Prawnicze
|
2015
|
vol. 15
|
issue 4
51-67
EN
The article analyses the definition of “an item of fine art” and its practical application in the spectrum of insurance relationships. The definition is considered from a general point of view as well as from the legal perspective. It is also collated with synonymous concepts (i.e. antiquity, cultural property, exhibits) and briefly examined in different legal contexts (fiscal, administrative, international, civil). This review leads to a conclusion that it is impossible to find a satisfactory and generally applicable definition of “an item of fine art,” and that therefore searching for such a definition is a waste of time. On the other hand, attempts to define “an item of fine art” shed light on its classic features, which may be useful in certain cases.The article draws attention to the indirect impact of certain reflections and observations regarding “fine art,” notably their effect on the interpretation of the concept of “items of fine art” in civil law and civil contracts. It also shows that an accurate definition may be essential in an insurance relationship, since the subject of insurance protection has to be clearly defined. These practical implications apply particularly to situations when an item of fine art is not the sole object of insurance protection and when it is an element of an insured collection.The article considers not only the applicable legislation but also the general terms and conditions used by insurance companies.
EN
The complex of the former Cistercian Abbey at Krzeszów has a long history that dates back to the 13th century. Its heyday were the second half of the 17th and the 18th centuries, when refurbishments and expansions made it an important centre of Baroque, that attracted the then leading Silesian and Czech artists. On 31 May 1946, Benedictine sisters deported from the All Saints’ monastery in Lwów (Lviv) arrived at the abbey with their belongings. They noticed the need to record the works of art collected in the Krzeszów monastery. The inventory has been carried out by the Local Division of the National Heritage Board of Poland (NHBP) in Wrocław, since 2008. In December 2012, the first phase of the operation was concluded. Until then, 1006 items were registered, for which 710 records of movable historical items were established. The records, developed by the Local Division of the NHBP in Wrocław in the years 2008-2012, set the basis for three decisions to include in the register of historical monuments 416 works of art from both the Krzeszów and Lwów collections. Another such decision is currently being prepared. Previous decisions enabled the sisters to gain funds necessary to renovate the Baroque painting of St. Fortunate from the Lwów monastery church, as well as 12 portraits of Lwów prioresses. The developed records were disseminated in the scientific and museum communities, i.a. as an auxiliary material attached to a publication on Roman-Catholic churches and monasteries of the former Ruthenian Voivodeship. Works of art from the abbey were first displayed at the exhibitions “Glory of Krzeszów” („Blask Krzeszowa”) and „Ora et labora” at Kamienna Góra in 2010-2012. The inventory completed until now, covers works of art from the Cistercian and Benedictine collections. The planned second phase of operation will mainly address the items the Benedictine sisters managed to salvage, by bringing them to Krzeszów.
EN
Forgeries of art-works are one of important problem of illegal art and antiques market. The situation on the art market is highly disordered and expertises which are commonly given by experts from one specialty have low reliability. Therefore, current punitive measures against forgeries in the form of criminal liability of forger were presented. The aspects of qualification and possession of „special information” by the art-expert and his penal responsibility were especially marked. Modern model of complex expertise which consists of several stages and uses experts from different specialties, especially from the „classical” criminalistics, e.g. fingerprinting, toolmark, handwriting and physicochemistry examiners was proposed and presented. The presented methods and instruments can provide an important task in detecting, collecting proofs and additionally in preventing the occurrence of fraudulent practices during loan and exhibition of art-works through adequate security.
EN
Auction sales, in particular art auctions are vulnerable to manipulation by buyers and sellers. There is a well established catalogue of more or less common unfair auction practices, like, for instance, bogus bids, taking bids of the wall or auction rings. All analyzed legal systems contain laws aimed directly or indirectly at combating such practices. It should however be noted that even countries with well developed art auction market and established tradition in fighting auction frauds fail to prevent market manipulation. Usually it is hard to prove that a manipulation took place, furthermore some of the practices became so common that even persons participating in the art market consider them to be legitimate trade customs.
EN
The paper offers an analysis of the problem of levying VAT on supply of works of art, collector’s items and antiques in the light of art. 120 of the Act on VAT. The discussion of the problem area in question opens with a presentation of the relevant definition of works of art, collector’s items and antiques as included in the Act on VAT. Next, a presentation of the tax rates is made, as well as practical aspects of applying the margin method with reference to the abovementioned elements of cultural heritage are discussed. The paper ends with a discussion of the solutions offered by art. 120 of the Act on VAT in the light of Directive 112/06, which are the starting point to formulate conclusions de lege lata and de lege ferenda.
PL
Odbudowa państwa polskiego po 1918 r. wymagała podjęcia wielu decyzji dotyczących powołania nowej administracji, instytucji oraz przeprowadzenia reformy gospodarczej, której celem było upełnorolnienie chłopów nieposiadających ziemi lub utrzymujących się z nieefektywnych gospodarstw karłowatych. Nowy kierunek polityki nie tylko przyczynił się do zmian w strukturze własnościowej gospodarstw, ale poważnie zagroził funkcjonowaniu wielkich majątków ziemiańskich i zachowaniu znajdujących się tam dworów, pałaców oraz innych obiektów historycznych. W tej sytuacji podjęto próby, inicjowane przede wszystkim przez towarzystwa naukowe, wprowadzenia dodatkowych aktów prawnych chroniących historyczne budynki, zespoły architektoniczne oraz wyjątkowe tereny krajobrazowe. Projekty przewidywały nie tylko wydawanie ogólnokrajowych zarządzeń, ale również budowę całej struktury organizacji odpowiedzialnych za zachowanie obiektów i miejsc zabytkowych oraz działania na rzecz popularyzacji wiedzy o nich.
EN
The reconstruction of the Polish state after 1918 required many decisions concerning the establishment of a new administration, institutions and economic reform, the aim of which was the so-called upełno-rolnienie (an increase in the size of a small agricultural holding by a sufficient amount of land) of peasants who did not own land or made a living from inefficient small farms. The new policy direction not only influenced the changes in the ownership structure of farms, but also seriously threatened the functioning of large landed estates and the preservation of manors, palaces and other historical objects located there. In this situation, attempts were made, initiated mainly by scientific societies, to introduce additional legal acts protecting historical buildings, architectural complexes and unique landscape areas. The projects provided not only for the issuing of nationwide orders, but also for the construction of the entire structure of organizations responsible for the preservation of historic buildings and sites and activities to promote knowledge about them.
EN
The present study is to provide a concise analysis of and present (in extenso) fragments of the so-called "Büsching Papers" dealing with the Norbertine Monastery in Wrocław. They include Büsching’s First report on the seizure of objects kept in the Monastery of St. Vincent in Wrocław (8 January 1811), Inventory of art collections and manuscripts as well as selected letters associated with these actions. The sources contain information not only about the contents and organisation of the library and the archives, but also about their location and furnishings. In addition, they contain details of the seizure of these resources. The inventory of art collections includes paintings and reliefs as well as richly illustrated books devoted to art and, in particular, the history and theory of architecture. Like in the report, there are attempts here to establish the authors of the most outstanding paintings (e.g. Salvatore Rosa, Michael Leopold Willmann).
EN
The issues discussed in this article concentrate on selected legal and economic aspects of the art rental institution. Civil Code regulations do not contain a specific art rental contract. It is shown in practice that temporary loans of historic objects (or, in a broader sense, culture goods) take place on the basis of a loan contract, leasing contract or a commodate. What is worth our attention is the fact that the art rental institution should be approached on two layers. The first one includes temporary loans of historic objects for display purposes in Poland, the other represents the promotion of the Polish culture abroad and participation of Polish historic objects in foreign exhibitions. From an economic point of view, the art rental services market is not identical with the art market. Consumers of these two markets differ greatly from one another, thus, they cannot be classified in conjunction. The market analysis carried out in this study indicated an increase in the number of companies specialised in temporary loans of historic objects, which allows us to speculate that there is certain demand for a given service. Is it true that a trend consisting in temporary loans of works of art for decorative purposes has found its way to Poland?
PL
Odbudowa zdewastowanych w trakcie działań wojennych terenów przyłączonych do Polski po 1945 r. była priorytetowym zadaniem nowych władz. Od przywrócenia dawnej roli miejskim ośrodkom przemysłowym i kulturalnym oraz rekonstrukcji gospodarstw rolnych i produkcji rolnej zależały bowiem odbudowa oraz rozwój całego regionu. Podstawowymi barierami w tym procesie były zniszczona infrastruktura, braki materiałowe, niewystarczająca ilość środków transportu, maszyn i narzędzi, ale również szczególnie wykwalifikowanych zasobów ludzkich. Aby uzupełnić niedobory, rozpoczęto poszukiwania mające na celu identyfikację lub odzyskanie nadającego się do dalszego wykorzystania mienia. Odpowiadały za nie powołane do tego celu jednostki państwowe, których działania nabierały szczególnego znaczenia na terenie Ziem Północnych i Zachodnich.
EN
Reconstruction of areas connected to Poland after 1945 but devastated during the war, was a priority of the authorities. The restoration of the former role of urban industrial and cultural centers as well as the reconstruction of farms and agricultural production depended on the reconstruction and development of the entire region. The main barriers in this process were the destroyed infrastructure, material shortages, insufficient means of transport, machines and tools, but also particularly qualified human resources. To complement deficiencies, a search was conducted to identify properties which could be put to further use. Responsible for it were the state institutions, whose activities were of particular importance in the Northern and Western Territories.
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