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1
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Wyniki analizy materiałów archeozoologicznych ze stanowisk 1-5 w Grabowcu, gm. Radymno, woj. podkarpackie

100%
Piskorska T., Stefaniak K.
Raport
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2014
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vol. 9
143-149
EN
The text presents the analysis results of archaeozoological materials from sites 1-5 in Grabowiec in the district of Jarosław obtained during rescue excavations in 2011.
2
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Relikty osadnictwa ludności łużyckich pól popielnicowych na stanowisku Krzemieniewo XXVI, gm. Kurzętnik, woj. warmińsko-mazurskie

100%
Affelski J.
Raport
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2019
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vol. 14
21-54
EN
The article presents part of the results of archaeological excavations carried out in 2017 in connection with the construction of a ring road for Nowe Miasto Lubawskie as part of national road 15, at site Krzemieniewo XXVI, Warmińsko-Mazurskie Voivodeship. The excavations led to the discovery of the remains of a settlement associated with the people of the Lusatian culture from the late Bronze Age and the early Iron Age (approx. 900-700 BC).
3
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Analiza geologiczno-morfologiczno-glebowa przeprowadzona na stanowiskach archeologicznych w Grabowcu, gmina Radymno, powiat jarosławski, województwo podkarpackie

100%
Reder J., Stępniewski K.
Raport
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2014
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vol. 9
169-175
EN
The text includes an analysis and interpretation of the environmental context of prehistoric sites in Grabowiec. Information is given on their location, topography as well as geological characteristics of the area, where human settlements were located. Also the results of analysis of geomorphological situation and soil cover were presented.
4
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Osada z późnej epoki brązu i wczesnej epoki żelaza w Grabowcu, pow. jarosławski, woj. podkarpackie

100%
Baron J., Karpow J., Kuźbik R.
Raport
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2014
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vol. 9
53-115
EN
The article presents the results of research conducted in 2011 on the settlement of late Bronze Age and early Iron Age in Grabowiec in the Podkarpackie Voivodeship. Subsequently group of features were presented according to their probable function, including exceptionally numerous series of wells and relics of fencings and then results of the analysis of artifacts is presented, discovered both in the cultural layer and earth-sheltered features fills. A separate part of the article are the issues of relative and absolute chronology as well as spatial organisation of the settlement. Detailed analyses of archaeological sources allowed to distinguish at least two phases of the settlement use.
5

Visual presentation of settlement complexes from the early Iron Age from Milejowice, site 19, and selected problems of 3D modeling in archaeology

100%
Markiewicz M.
Przegląd Archeologiczny
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2019
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vol. 67
101-118
EN
Archaeological excavations in Milejowice, Wrocław district, were carried out in 1999-2002 in connection with the modernization of the A-4 motorway. During those excavations, relics of a settlement from the early Iron Age were discovered that were distinguished by the layout of the buildings. The visual presentation in the form of a 3D reconstruction of the Hallstatt settlement from Milejowice is a computer created image based on analysis of the sources obtained during excavation work. The purpose of 3D imaging of the features discovered on site was to provide a spatial representation of the settlement’s buildings, divided into individual phases. An analysis of the development and spatial organization of the settlement complexes discovered at site No. 19 in Milejowice, was carried out by Jarosław Kopiasz from the Archaeological Museum in Biskupin. For spatial reconstruction, one of many possible suggestions for interpreting the buildings of this settlement was selected. In the 3D technique six separate settlement zones were reconstructed at this site, along with the individual phases of their functioning. The visual presentation of settlement complexes discovered at the Milejowice site is a valuable source of information on early Iron Age construction. The visualization verified the collected data, and 3D modelling facilitated the interpretation of the research results. With the help of Computer Aided Design (CAD) and three-dimensional modelling, it was possible to analyze the spatial organization of settlement complexes from Milejowice and to separate the individual phases of development of the designated zones. It should be noted, however, that digital reconstructions of settlement complexes from Milejowice remain the hypothesis of researchers, based on their analysis of documentation and theoretical assumptions.
6
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Koniec "łużyckiego świata"

100%
Czopek S.
Materiały i Sprawozdania Rzeszowskiego Ośrodka Archeologicznego
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2022
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issue 43
159-168
EN
The article is devoted to the disappearance of the Lusatian cultural circle, also traditionally called the Lusatian culture or, in more recent literature, the Lusatian urnfields. At the beginning, terminological issues are clarified and views on the disappearance of this cultural unit, which played an important role in Central Europe in the middle of the 2nd and 1st millennium BC, are presented. The main analytical part focuses on four regions within today’s borders of Poland – north-western, north-eastern, south-western and south-eastern. This is due to the sharply outlined foreign cultural features that are particularly sharp in these regions. This applies to the infiltration of the Jastorf culture (and earlier Nordic influences), the Baltic circle, the Hallstatt cultural complex and the Eastern European nomadic world. They are the aftermath of migration movements of varying intensity and chronology, but always within the early Iron Age (9th/8th–5th centuries BC). Signs of the structural crisis of the local Lusatian communities, which are very fragmented and do not constitute a cultural monolith, are also important for the considerations undertaken. The issue of changes in the natural environment on the border of the subboreal and subatlantic periods is also considered.
7
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Analiza petrograficzna zabytków kamiennych ze stanowiska Grabowiec 1, gm. Radymno, pow. jarosławski, woj. podkarpackie

88%
Wójcik A.
Raport
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2014
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vol. 9
129-141
EN
The text shows the results of the petrographic analysis of stone artifacts from site Grabowiec. Out of set of 87 stones, 19 artifacts made of stones were selected and underwent a petrographic analysis. The main goal of the conducted research was to identify the type of rock raw material used for execution of tools. Petrographic analyses consisted in drawing up an assessment and macroscopic description of a rock material, from which artifacts were made. The macroscopic description was enlarged by a study using binocular magnifying glass, in order to precisely define: overall external features of rocks (colour, degree of vapidity, compactness), structure and texture and the type of rock-forming minerals. On the basis of the petrographic study, the type of the used raw material was determined.
8

Problem chronologii zolnika z grodziska w Chotyńcu i tworzących go poziomów użytkowych w świetle badań nad klasyfikacją i datowaniem szpil

88%
Adamik-Proksa J., Ocadryga-Tokarczyk E.
Przegląd Archeologiczny
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2021
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vol. 69
147-169
EN
The article presents the partial results of archaeological research carried out on the burgwall zolnik in Chotyniec, site 1. It aims to classify the historical objects discovered in terms of functional qualification – namely, the pins that were found in 2017-2019, and to introduce them into the scientific circulation. This interesting and relatively numerous series of artifacts complements and enriches our knowledge on many aspects of the zolnik’s function, including its chronology and cultural connections. In this sketch, an analysis of the typological and chronological position of the pins was carried out, and on its basis an attempt was made to estimate the dating of the zolnik (the usable levels that form it).
9
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Materiały ze skał krzemiennych i pozakrzemiennych ze stanowiska w Grabowcu stan. 1, gm. Radymno, woj. podkarpackie

88%
Szyryńska M.
Raport
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2014
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vol. 9
117-128
EN
The article presents the analysis of artifacts made of flint and non siliceous rocks. Altogether, during the survey, 41 pieces were obtained – 27 flint products and 14 stone ones. Artifacts made of silica rocks seem to have “a long” chronology – from the late Neolithic period through the Bronze Age to early Iron Age, and single may reach even significantly older periods (perhaps Mesolithic or early and middle Neolithic period). In the group of products made of non siliceous rocks, the only form possible to be linked to settlement of the Lusatian Culture seems to be fragmentarily maintained regular fragment of a battleaxe.
10

The perspective of physical space in a study of hoards from the late Bronze Age and the early Iron Age

88%
Maciejewski M.
Sprawozdania Archeologiczne
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2015
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vol. 67
67-76
EN
Hoards make one of the most mysterious categories of archaeological finds known from the Bronze Age and the early Iron Age. Doubts about their function should encourage researchers to use as wide information range as possible to understand the phenomenon. However, there are still few studies concerning their relationships with the settlement network or cultural landscape. The paper focuses on regularities in the location of deposits of bronze or iron artefacts, drawing on the results of research into metal deposits from the late (Lusatian) Bronze Age and the early Iron Age in the South Baltic Coastland and Lake Districts
11
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Gliniane przedmioty zoomorficzne ze stanowiska w Korczowej 22, pow. jarosławski

75%
Jabłkowski M.
Materiały i Sprawozdania Rzeszowskiego Ośrodka Archeologicznego
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2021
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issue 42
73-79
EN
During the motorway excavations carried out in 2010 in Korczowa, Jarosław dist., site 22, two zoomorphic items made of clay were discovered. These are: a fragment of a pendant and a fragment of a figurine. Figurative representations discovered at archaeological sites are associated with all possible forms of art. They are interpreted as objects of cult significance, children’s toys or manifestations of the magic sphere. The popularity of these representations and the influences of the „Eastern” cultures, especially the forest-stepped zone of the Scythian cultural circle, on the Tarnobrzeg Lusatian culture suggest that both the pendant and the figurine from site 22 in Korczowa should be associated with aforementioned cultural provenance.
12
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Wyniki ratowniczych badań przeprowadzonych na wielokulturowym stanowisku w Łowcach, stan. 17, gm. Chłopice, pow. jarosławski

75%
Głowacz M., Szpila M.
Materiały i Sprawozdania Rzeszowskiego Ośrodka Archeologicznego
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2019
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issue 40
255-278
EN
The article presents the results of rescue excavations carried out in August 2018, at the archaeological site Łowce 17. The site is located on the extreme promontory of the loess lobe, extending at an altitude of 210m above sea level, near the riverbed of the Łęg Rokietnicki River. The value of this place has been confirmed several times by surface surveys, which provided the evidence of artefacts from the Neolithic period, Bronze Age, Roman influence and Early Middle Ages. In the course of excavations, an area of one are was examined. After removing the surface layer, an accumulation layer was recorded at the level of 40 cm, with numerous Neolithic and Bronze Age materials, together with an iron artefact. Below, at a level of about 50 cm, a layer of yellow loess was uncovered, in which features of the Mierzanowice culture, the Tarnobrzeg Łużycka culture and features of unknown chronology were recorded. In total, 20 features of an economic nature were registered, containing ceramic, flint and stone artefacts in their fills, as well as burnt daub and animal bones were noted. Moreover, secondary deposited material was observed in some features. In the next stage of research, the obtained materials were analyzed, which were mainly represented by pottery vessels. The research included the analysis in terms of technology, morphology and ornamentation, based on macroscopic characteristics. As a result of these observations, an attempt was made to determine the relative chronology, distinguishing the ceramics of the Funnel Beaker culture, the Globular Amphora culture, the Mierzanowice culture, the Trzciniec culture and the Tarnobrzeg Lusatian culture. The assessment of the cultural affiliation of flint materials was difficult due to the uncharacteristic forms or lack of context. With reference to artefacts coming from the accumulation layer, a miniature axe/chisel made of Volyn flint was found, which can be attributed to the activities of the TRB and an iron axe/adze with undetermined chronology. As a result of the research, it was possible to confirm the high importance of site No. 17 in Łowce, which was a settlement enclave from the Middle Neolithic period to the Early Middle Ages. The studied area was part of the settlement of the Mierzanowice culture and Tarnobrzeg Lusatian culture. Certainly the following years of research will provide a lot of valuable information about the settlement of these communities and the importance of the region.
13

Enklawa scytyjskiego kręgu kulturowego w południowo-wschodniej Polsce

75%
Czopek S.
Przegląd Archeologiczny
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2019
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vol. 67
119-148
EN
In 2016-2018 archaeological excavations were carried out on a large stronghold in Chotyniec, Jarosław district (south-eastern Poland), and they are still underway. Their results can already be deemed a breakthrough in understanding the cultural situation of the early Iron Age in the borderland area of central and eastern Europe. This article, which is the first broad presentation of the findings, indicates the connection of the site with the Scythian cultural circle. This is evidenced by many facts: the large strategically-located defensive complex with open settlements around it; the material culture (militaria, jewellery, pottery made according to the style in force in the eastern European forest steppe zone); and the ceremonial-ritual feature, i.e., the zolnik, with fragments of Greek wine amphorae found within it. The latter are the only finds of this type in Poland. The article also presents the significance of the discoveries in Chotyniec, both for the entire Scythian circle and for the interpretation of Scythian finds from the Vistula River basin.
14

The symbolism of hoard deposition places in the landscape of the late Bronze Age and the early Iron Age in the zone of the South Baltic Coastland and Lake Districts

75%
Maciejewski M.
Sprawozdania Archeologiczne
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2017
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vol. 69
113-132
EN
In different cultures the world is described by a variety of signs and symbols. Equally important as reading their meaning is an attempt to describe the relationships between them. Often seemingly unrelated elements of culture are linked by relations on a symbolic level. Research on the relationship between hoards (late Bronze Age and early Iron Age) and local settlement networks indicate such a symbolic connection between border and metal. Understanding these relationships is possible mainly thanks to empirical research yet it would not be possible without analysing the perception of borders and metal, as well as phenomena such as territoriality and the valorization of ‘foreign’ objects, places and people.
15

The economic foundations of the Bronze and early Iron Age in the Łęczna-Włodawa Lake District in the light of archaeological and palynological sources

75%
Taras H., Bałaga K.
Sprawozdania Archeologiczne
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2012
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vol. 64
179–200
EN
The article discusses the Łęczna-Włodawa Lake District drawing on archaeological and palynological data sources and presents a model of economic activity in the Bronze and early Iron Age. The economy of the early Bronze Age was predominantly based on animal husbandry with hunter-gatherer elements, while the later Bronze Age witnessed a change in balance between crop cultivation and animal husbandry, with an increase in the former
16

Osada kultury pomorskiej w Odrach, stan. 2, gm. Czersk

75%
Chabińska M.
Pomorania Antiqua
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2018
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vol. Tom XXVII
s. 163-201
EN
The settlement of the Pomeranian culture in Odry, site 2 is located in the northern part of Bory Tucholskie. It was discovered by Józef Kostrzewski in 1926, but proper excavation works started in 1962 and were carried out by L. J. Łuka and A. Szymańska. During the excavations, the area of nearly 4 ares was examined and 89 features were registered. Most of them were associated with the Pomeranian culture – 79 features. Amongst them was determined the presence of these to which dwelling, economic or production function can be reasonably ascribed. The majority of artefacts consisted of pottery material – 1637 potsherds and 2 vessels fully preserved. Other finds included: clay spindle whorl, three stone grinders, animal bones and many fragments of scorched clay. The pottery of the Pomeranian culture was described and classified in both morphological, and technological ways. The first division was based on vessel profiles and basic proportions. As the result of applied parameters there were distinguished 5 basic typological groups: pots, vases, bowls, mugs and plates. Technological classification included two main groups which were determined on the grounds of the followings properties: wall thickness, surface treatment, and the size and quantity of temper. Ornamented potsherds constitute a small group of finds. Apart from the incised motif, which is the most recurrent, there were also recorded some stamps, short incisions, nail imprints, crimp and cordon. The Pomeranian settlement in Odry, site 2 is dated to the early and middle La Tène period. This chronology was established based on radiocarbon examination results and the analyses of vessel shapes. The data about environmental conditions were established based on research results concerning peat bog, which adheres directly to the hill where the Pomeranian settlement was located. It was the area where natural resources created good natural conditions for humans, and in this way facilitated them a more long-standing existence.
PL
Stanowisko 2 w Odrach, gm. Czersk, woj. pomorskie położone jest w północnej części Borów Tucholskich. Zostało odkryte przez Józefa Kostrzewskiego w 1926 roku, jednak systematyczne badania archeologiczne przeprowadzono tu dopiero 1962 roku pod kierunkiem L. J. Łuki oraz A. Szymańskiej. Na obszarze blisko 4 arów zarejestrowano 89 obiektów. Większość z nich jest identyfikowana z kulturą pomorską – 79 obiektów. Wśród nich stwierdzono obecność tych, którym z dużą dozą prawdopodobieństwa można przypisać funkcję mieszkalną, gospodarczą, czy produkcyjną. Oprócz wymienionych, na osadzie pojawiły się także paleniska, ogniska oraz dość liczne dołki posłupowe. W materialne przeważa ceramika naczyniowa, zachowana w typowym dla osad znacznym rozdrobnieniu. Zgromadzono 1637 fragmentów naczyń kultury pomorskiej. W całości zachowały się jedynie dwa naczynia: kubek i misa. Oprócz ceramiki odkryto także gliniany przęślik, 3 rozcieracze, kości zwierzęce oraz polepę. Ze względu na kształt, ogólne proporcje i przeznaczenie naczyń wyszczególniono pięć podstawowych grup – garnki, wazy, misy, kubki oraz talerze krążkowe. Inny podział przeprowadzono ze względu na takie cechy jak grubość ścianek, rodzaj powierzchni, wielkość oraz ilość domieszki schudzającej. Dla omawianego materiału autorka wydzieliła dwie główne grupy technologiczne. Do najczęściej spotykanych sposobów zdobienia naczyń należał ornament ryty. Oprócz niego pojawiły się także odciski stempelków, ornament paznokciowy, listwa plastyczna oraz nacinanie. Na podstawie badań radiowęglowych oraz ceramiki ustalono chronologię osady na wczesny i środkowy okres lateński. Bardzo cenne dla poznania i charakterystyki ówczesnych warunków środowiskowych okazały się wyniki badań palinologicznych profilu torfowiska bezpośrednio przylegającego do wzgórza na jakim została zlokalizowana osada. Była ona ulokowana na obszarze, którego zasoby naturalne stwarzały dogodne warunki egzystencjonalne dla ludzi i zapewne wpływały na długotrwały charakter osadnictwa. Słowa kluczowe: wczesna epoka żelaza, kultura pomorska, osadnictwo.
17
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Warszawa-Grochów "ul. Górników" - cmentarzysko z wczesnej epoki żelaza

63%
Andrzejowska M.
Wiadomości Archeologiczne
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2012
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vol. LXIII
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issue 63
33-114
EN
Known alternately as Witolin, site 2, and Warszawa-Grochów, Ostro¬bramska Street, the site “ul. Gór¬ników” is situated in the Praga district of Warsaw on the southern slope of one of the dunes bordering the right-hand bank of the Vistula. At present this area is fully under urban development (Fig. 1, 2, 4) and the Górników Street itself, recorded on early maps of Warsaw, is no more. The site was discovered by chance in 1946. A fragment – 20 m2 – was excavated in 1947 by Maria Gądzikiewicz from the State Archaeological Museum in Warsaw. More finds surfaced in 1965 and 1968. Archaeological excavation was resumed in 1973 and continued until 1975, run by Jan Michalski and Hanna Młynarczyk from the state monuments conservation atelier Pracownia Konserwacji Zabytków who investigated a total 2343 m2. Previous to this research the site had suffered much depredation resulting in a loss or partial destruction of many archaeological features. Next to graves associated with a grave-field of the Cloche Grave Culture – the largest group –exploration was made of features attributed to the Pomeranian Culture and the Lusatian Culture, and several features associated with an early medieval cemetery which included some finely preserved inhumation graves. Archaeological material and documentation from this research passed to the State Archaeological Museum, recorded under inventory numbers III/1465, III/6049 and V/7227. The present study gives a presentation and a discussion of Bronze and Early Iron Age finds deriving from 82 features – primary or secondary, the latter formed of redeposited remains of destroyed graves. Included in the present analysis are funerary ceramics from the chance finds made in 1956 and 1968. The features associated with the early medieval cemetery will be the subject of a separate study. Eleven pits identified during the excavation were interpreted as archaeological features. Most of them were in the southern fragment of the investigated site. Their shallow, basin-like fill, generally contained very small and uncharacteristic fragments of pottery, charcoal, as well as a number of flints. Features 77 and 95 yielded pottery fragments with small perforations under the rim; feature 77 additionally held several flints: a fragment of a core (scraper?), some flakes (one retouched) and spalls. Three features (45, 54, 69) contained inserts of dark black earth rich in charcoal fragments, small fragments of pottery, in feature 54, such an insert also contained some burnt stones. These may be identified as the remains of fires/hearths and linked with a settlement of the Lusatian Culture from its final phase, earlier than the grave-field. The other pits may be interpreted as relics of funerary practices and some other forms of using the burial ground but there is no evidence to support this interpretation. The graves spread over a fairly large area occurring on their own or in irregular clusters divided by distinct empty spaces, in a way which is characteristic for many grave-fields from the Early Bronze Age recorded in Mazowsze. Of 41 features classified in the category of cloche graves only 27 actually were found to contain a legible ceramic structure, complete with a well preserved cloche. The cloche graves, discovered mainly in the central strip and in the eastern fragment of the investigated area, occurred with a varying intensity without forming distinct concentrations. At the same time, there was a number of “paired” features found close to each other, at least one of them a cloche grave. A more outstanding tandem (features 2.1 and 2.2) had the form of two communicating pits containing three actually child burials. In cloche graves the inventories predominantly consisted of a “classic” set of ceramics – a cinerary urn with the bowl placed over its opening and the cloche. In feature 16 the urn rested under two cloche vessels placed one over the other. In a few poorly preserved features no urns or their bowl lids were identified. In features 14, 16, 28 and 96 the urn rested on a ceramic stand (inserted into the bottom of another, incomplete pottery vessel) or on a “pavement” of pottery sherds. In addition, the bottom of the pit of grave 16 had a lining of daub and small stones. There is no evidence that the urns and the cloches were set about with rocks or sherds. The cloches are a mixed group of egg-shaped jars with a high-set shoulder and a roughened surface. A smaller group are large, broad-bodied necked vessels, the neck having a smoothed surface. Among the urns the dominant form ware profiled, necked vessels with a body either smoothed or roughened. And there is evidence that a handled cup was used for an urn at least once (feature 3/47). More than 40% cloche graves contained non-ceramic grave goods, mostly, very small, usually very poorly preserved bronzes. The largest assemblage is from a destroyed feature 55 and consists of fragments of iron ornaments and remains of earrings (bronze rings) retaining small fragments of chains and glass beads. Feature 28 yielded an antler haft and a sheet iron clasp with a rivet. Ten features were interpreted as the remains of single urn graves without stone constructions. Like the cloche graves, the urn graves although they tended to occur in the eastern zone of the investigated area formed no apparent clusters. On three occasions burials had been deposited in a handled cup (children), on five occasions (two children, three adults) in a small egg-shaped jar. Some graves had been provided with a fragment of a pottery vessel, a flat cake of clay (feature 2.2) or a flat stone (33) placed under the urn or used as a lid. In two graves (features 17, 30) next to the urn there were accessory vessels – small handled cups. In feature 17 inside the urn was a bronze dress pin, its head hammered flat folded into a loop. The pit of feature 30 yielded two small iron rivets and three small fragments of iron sheet. A unique burial rested inside a stone cist (feature 5) deposited in a pyriform urn with a hat-like lid and accompanied by an accessory vessel. Mixed with the remains of the cremation was a small fragment of a bronze object. Close to the cist grave there were the remains of some fully destroyed graves, at least two, containing multiple vessels, without evidence of a stone setting or cist (features 4, 11). They were recorded as clusters of pottery on the margin of a large refuse pit. The total number of the destroyed urns may be reconstructed from the fragments of at least 14 hat-like lids or bowl-lids. Presumably in these graves the function of urn was served by vase-like vessels of various sizes and some of the handled cups/jugs, used also as accessory vessels. Fragments of similar pottery (including a fragment of a hat-like lid) surfaced also in the fill of feature 12 found nearby, fully destroyed. The bottom of the backfilled pit of this grave had a lining of a few small stones. Features 4, 5, 11 and 12 were interpreted as relics of the Pomeranian Culture graves. The bone remains recovered from the cloche graves and urn graves of assorted types were found to belong to 56 individuals, more than a half of them adults (33). This differs from the situation observed in other grave-fields from the Early Iron Age where child burials prevail. Similarly as at Warszawa-Henryków, Warszawa-Zerzeń or Dziecinów, in the grave-field under analysis there was an observable tendency to give special treatment to the youngest burials. More outstanding in this respect were the urn graves which mostly, although not exclusively, were used for child burials, which, moreover, were deposited in handled cups and small egg-shaped jars. Twelve pit graves were discovered in the central and eastern area of the site. A few of them were almost fully eroded. It appears from observation of the better preserved graves that the cremated bones, found inside them in the form of a caked mass, had been placed in the pit in a container (urn) made of organic material, no traces of which survive at present. One burial which definitely belongs in the category of unurned pit graves is documented by the remains of a small child that were identified around the cloche in the pit of feature 2.1. The other burials (eleven of them subjected to osteological analysis) contained only, or for the most part, burnt animal bones, almost invariably, of horses, on occasion, of cattle. Only feature 13 was found to contain the bone remains of a small child. Five pit graves yielded small bronze and iron objects, including small buttons, rivets, an iron loop (“eye”) and an awl. They make up around 24% of the total number of features in the grave-field containing non-ceramic grave goods. Animal graves occurred on their own (10/47, 32, 41, 43) or in pairs (all the others), in the neighbourhood of the cloche graves and of a non-typical urn grave (feature 34) holding the human cremation and some cremated bones of horse or cattle. A small quantity of animal remains was recorded in a total of 14 human graves of diverse types, except for features 2.1, 79, all of them adult burials. Mostly the bones were those of a large mammal, and on one occasion of sheep/goat (feature 1/47) and roe deer (feature 5). Using the classification of T. Węgrzynowicz analysis was made of a total of close to 115 vessels a half of which were included in the sub-group of jars (A1). Over 40 vessels were bowls (B1), the remainder – jugs and handled cups (A2, B2). Typological analysis confirmed differences in the form and manner of surface finish, noted in earlier studies, of vessels used to furnish graves recognized as relics of the Pomeranian Culture as compared to the pottery from features attributed to the Cloche Grave Culture. The majority of vessels recovered from features 5, 4, 11 are forms classified as type A1I, variant a or b. These are vase-like, gently profiled pots, smoothed all over, with a relatively low-set belly. The most distinctive specimen in this group has a high funnel neck and is engraved with a pectoral – a vessel of similar shape (with the image of a face and a pectoral) surfaced in a cist grave at Sochaczew-Trojanów, another outstanding specimen is a pyriform vessel with a very high neck and a body roughened between the shoulder and the base which finds the closest analogy in a face urn from Rzadkowo, distr. Piła. The vessels discovered in these features were provided with lids, some of them hat-shaped, typical for the Pomeranian Culture. One of the graves contained a fragment of a face urn – a ceramic ear with three perforations. The pottery discovered in the Pomeranian Culture features is relatively thin-walled, its surface almost invariably well smoothed, frequently glossy. Except for the urn from feature 4, decorated with a representation of a pectoral, ornamentation of other vessels, including their lids, is limited to rows of minute punctures or diagonal grooves, common in the Cloche Grave Culture ceramics. Attributes of the ceramic furnishings in graves 4 and 11 correspond to the description of inventories of similar features of mixed character recorded in a number of other grave-fields in Mazowsze. Among the ceramic finds from graves associated with the Cloche grave-field the most frequent types are IV and V, variant c. These are vessels with a high-set body, roughened all over, no neck, and also, forms with a roughened belly, which typically is separated from a smoothed neck by a plastic cordon. Vessels displaying similar attributes, often encountered in “classic” grave inventories in the role of cloches and burial urns, are recognized as a ceramic marker of “classic” Cloche Grave Culture assemblages. A vessel type more in evidence than in most Cloche grave-fields are wares (mostly cloches) classified as type IIIc but close in their outlook to types Vc and VIc. This is because there is a relatively high frequency of egg-shaped jars with a roughened surface, the neck poorly marked, in some specimens indicated only by leaving a randomly levelled or smoothed band below the rim. Type V is also represented by a number of vessels without a cordon in which the roughening ends below the base of the neck. Cordons separating the neck from the vessel body, smooth or corrugated by impressing or incision, at times, provided with small knobs or lugs, appear only on six urns and six cloches, types A1I and A1V. Individual, flat bosses were noted twice. Absolutely unique is the placement of a group of three knobs on the body of an uncharacteristically profiled bowl discovered in feature 2.2. Also uncharacteristic are short, corrugated cordons applied diagonally onto the wall of the cloche from feature 55 which diverge from the arrangement typical for vessels used as cloches – of a festoon or tassels of a tied cord. The surface of several vessels, including a bowl (from features 37, 42, 44, 57 96), was covered by a dense network of intersecting grooves made with a comb. Decorative designs seen on other vessels include opposed groups of diagonal grooves pendant from the base of the vessel neck and circumferential arrangements of oval or sub-circular stamped impressions. The urn from grave 55 and the handled cup from feature 30 feature a rare design of circular indentations with a marked centre impressed using a fine tube-like object. A few jars and bowls have handles, in three cases with, at its base, applied cord “tendrils”. Finally, non-functional lugs, more likely to play the role of a decorative element, appear on several profiled cloches and urns, at the transition from the neck to the body, and in some bowls, below the rim. Non-ceramic grave furnishings were recorded in 21 features, i.e., in approximately a third of all the features (not only burials) subjected to analysis. The largest group are bronzes but there is also a significant number of identifiable iron objects (ca. 15). The best preserved bronze objects are the following: tweezers, discovered in feature 24 next to the remains of a horse, and possibly a fragment of a similar object – “arms and a slide”, from a cloche grave (?) recorded as feature 46, and a straight dressing pin with the top hammered and folded into an eye – from feature 17. Features 3, 40 and 90 yielded fragments of small bronzes which may be described as “buttons” or “tags”, possibly, dress accessories, alternately, as elements of horse harness or other accessories associated with keeping animals. From feature 55 come fragments of personal ornaments without analogy in the Cloche Grave Culture assemblages recorded in Mazo¬wsze, namely, fragments of an iron neckring fashioned from a twisted square-sectioned wire, and a bracelet (of multiple coils?) from a strip of metal sheet. They were accompanied by small fragments of iron and bronze rings (earrings?) and melted glass. Feature 37 yielded the shaft of an iron swan-neck pin. Its head did not survive but we have reason to believe its shape had been similar to that of the bronze pin discovered in feature 17. Animal grave (feature 19) held two objects made of iron: a length of square-sectioned rod folded into a loop (an “eye”) and a short awl, partly square and partly round of section. Fragments of an object made of elk antler with a design of concentric rings with a dot at centre discovered in feature 28 were interpreted as the remains of a haft-handle of some implement. The seriously devastated condition of the grave-field and the partial or full destruction of many features make it difficult to establish the correlation between the position, structure and inventory of the graves. Nevertheless we can say that the construction of some of the graves belonging to the Cloche cemetery, particularly the nature of their inventories, displays a similarity to the model known from the Lusatian Culture grave-fields. Similarly arranged and furnished features recorded in Warszawa-Grochów, site “Brylowszczyzna”, have been attributed to the Lusatian Culture and, in case of graves covered with a cloche, recognized as early burials of the Cloche Grave cemetery. Stylistic and ornamental features of some other vessels from Warszawa, “ul. Górników”, recorded in the Lusatian Culture grave-fields in Warsaw, i.e., site “Brylow¬szczyzna”, and at Miedzeszyn, recall the pottery known from sub-units of the Lusatian Culture – the Upper Silesian-Lesser Poland Group (grupa górnośląsko-małopolska) and the Tarnobrzeg Group. This would confirm our assumption that in its emergence the Cloche Grave Culture in Mazowsze drew on local Lusatian traditions but with a significant contribution made by culture elements deriving from the south and the south-west. The onset of this process which, apparently, is legible also in the grave-field under discussion, presumably took place around the middle of period Ha D. This chronology finds support also in the dating of the majority of analogies to the non-ceramic finds from our grave-field. Their distribution range suggests that some of these objects, particularly iron, were brought to central and eastern Mazowsze and Podlasie from the territory of the Tarnobrzeg Group or, possibly, from the European forest-steppe zone within the area of influence of Scythian cultures. Direct contacts with the region to the east are suggested by the appearance in the Cloche Grave Culture assemblages of pottery with a stroked surface and the spread of corrugated cordons applied to the vessel wall and rim. Also eloquent is the increase, observed in the Cloche grave-fields, of the importance of animals, particularly horses, evidenced by a special funerary rite and the presence in human and animal grave inventories of objects associated with the breeding and utilization of animals. Analysis shows that the grave-sites “Brylowszczyzna” and “ul. Gór¬ników” were in use during an approximately the same period, possibly until the appearance at the close of the Hallstatt Period of graves displaying “Pomeranian” features. The grave-field Warszawa-Grochów “ul. Górni¬ków” could have been continued (or used in parallel) by the same community established nearby, at the convergence of Zamieniecka and Zagójska Streets, where during the 1920s a dozen-odd graves were excavated and associated with the Cloche Grave Culture cemetery.
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Cmentarzysko kurhanowe ludności kultury pomorskiej w Żakowie, gm. Sulęczyno. Badania w latach 2014–2015

63%
Janiak R.
Materiały Zachodniopomorskie
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2017
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vol. 13
35-54
EN
The article presents results of the archaeological excavations conducted at a Pomeranian culture cemetery in Żakowo, site 3, Sulęczyno commune, Pomeranian Voivodship in 2014–2015. During this time, three barrows and two stone structures were excavated. Barrow V/2014 had the most elaborate form. Its base consisted of a four-layered stone rim 5.8 meters in diameter. Cremation burial of two people was found inside.
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Wędzidło z Browiny, pow. toruński. Kolejny na ziemiach polskich ślad wschodniego oporządzenia jeździeckiego z wczesnej epoki żelaza

63%
Gackowski J., Garbacz-Klempka A.
Pomorania Antiqua
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2020
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vol. Tom XXIX
s. 39-56
EN
The presented fragment of a metal horse bit was accidentally discovered during agricultural works carried out in Browina, Toruń district. Currently, it is impossible to associate this find with a specific archaeological site, but it can be assumed that this object (as a complete one) appeared in the early Iron Age in the local environment of the Lusatian culture, in the so-called ‘Grzywna’ microregion, one of a dozen or so, which together form the settlement space of the ‘Chełmża and Kamionki trough’ mesoregion. The discovered artefact should be associated with type of the so-called common horse bit, singly bent, originally consisting of two almost identical elements (slightly arched shafts) intertwined with smaller holes (loop links). The aforementioned horse bit rings were connected with the rest of the bridle. Only two similar metal horse bits are known from the territory of Poland. One, completely preserved, comes from the defensive settlement of the Lusatian culture in Gzin, Bydgoszcz district, while the second one, similarly incomplete as the specimen from Browina, was accidentally found in Gródek, Hrubieszów district. All three, due to the contexts of their occurrence and the available analogies, are associated with the steppe or forest steppe production of eastern European environments. The analysis of the chemical composition shows that the Browina horse bit is made of brass, i.e. copper alloy with a clear, intentional admixture of zinc. In the local cultural and settlement environment, a similar material was found in the zoomorphic pommel of a Scythian dagger (acinaces) from Płonczynek, Lipno district. The formal resemblance of the latter to a specimen found long ago in Bodzanowo, Radziejów district is clear. Based on the assessment of the zoomorphic style of these two items, their west Siberian origin is assumed. However, bearing in mind the noticeable presence in the Bydgoszcz-Toruń bend of the Vistula River (in Kuyavia and Chełmno-Dobrzyń Lake District) of various artefacts of similar, eastern provenance (bronze and iron militaria and jewellery, but also pottery), some of these product categories can be currently considered as products which could have been produced locally (apart from pottery, also some groups of bronze objects, e.g. trilobe arrowheads). Therefore, it is justified to further explore the problem of assessing the scope of adaptation of cultural patterns, alien to the ‘Lusatian’ environment in the early Iron Age. To date, as a rule, there has been a tendency to interpret these finds as traces of military actions of Scythian groups penetrating the area of southern Poland and reaching the aforementioned bend of the Vistula River. The complexity of the problem is therefore large, and it undoubtedly requires further archaeological and archaeometallurgical research. Nevertheless, it may be much better exposed in the near future, because after publication of the expected results of the prospection conducted within the so-called Chotyniec agglomeration, it will be possible to gain access to new source data, showing the scope and direction of the transmission of eastern cultural patterns.
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Pozostałości obozowiska ludności kultury łużyckiej w Browinie (stan. 4), pow. toruński

63%
Połeć H.
Pomorania Antiqua
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2023
|
vol. Tom XXXII
65–82
EN
Multicultural site no. 4 in Browina is located approx. 20 km north of Toruń and approx. 0.5 km south-west of Chełmża, in the Chełmża Plain, which is an area rich in remains of prehistoric settlement. It was discovered in the 1980s as part of the AZP programme (Archaeological Picture of Poland). In 2007, verifications were carried out to examine an area of 483 m2 during three research seasons (2014, 2015 and 2019). Sixteen cultural features of the Lusatian culture were documented, including one hearth and 14 features of undetermined function, as well as one posthole. There were obtained 504 fragments of pottery vessels, the analysis of which indicates that they date back to the early period of the Iron Age. The lack of traces of permanent dwelling structures on the site indicates that it was used for economic or agricultural purposes for a short time. The low degree of exploration of the area in excavations terms makes further interpretation much more difficult. Seasonal and ad hoc sites supplementing the settlement network of local communities are not well researched, but they can be a valuable source of data for analysing the ways of exploiting the space of micro regions by the Lusatian culture population.
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