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Prisoners of War in Early Medieval Bulgaria (Preliminary Remarks)

100%
Hristov Y. M.
Studia Ceranea
|
2015
|
vol. 5
73-105
EN
The work is concentrated on the problem of war prisoners in the chronological period of the existance of the so-called First Bulgarian state. The analysis is based predominantly on various Byzantine and selected Latin and Bulgarian sources from the epoch. With some exceptions, mostly for 707/708, 754/755, 763/764 and 774, the notices are concentrated around the events of 811–815/816, 837/838; 894–896, 917–30s and for a moment or two from the period of 971–1018. In his preliminary remarks the author comes to the conclusion that in the Early Middle Ages prisoners of war (in the broadest medieval sense) were an integral part of the efforts to achieve the political objectives of the Bulgarian rulers. Response mechanisms against prisoners of war were highly dependent on the course of the conflict and their attitude towards their own warriors and subjects caught up in enemy hands. They included a wide range of solutions, which could be grouped into three main areas: the first one refers to killing (and/or mutilation) of war prisoners; the second main line was connected with preserving the lives of the captives; the third group of measures was due to the fact that an immediate effect is not always haunted.
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Spalona ziemia. Losy bułgarskiego zaplecza gospodarczego w czasie wyprawy Nikefora I Genika z roku 811

60%
Marinow K.
Balcanica Posnaniensia Acta et studia
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2020
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vol. 27
17-46
EN
The article is dedicated to the impact of the military expedition led by the Byzantine emperor Nikephoros I Genikos (802–811) on the overall political and economic situation of the Bulgarian state. During the military operations carried out in the Khanate, the Byzantine forces undertook the devastation of arable fields, the killing of farm animals and probably committed murders of the local population. Many researchers associate this activity with the loosening of discipline within the army, which was to be the result of a lack of control on the part of the commander-in-chief. On the basis of the correlation and rationalization of the sources in the matter, we have to interpret all these actions in a completely different way, as a conscious activity aimed at causing the Bulgarians the greatest possible losses by the imperial army. Moreover, the interpretation contradicts the universally accepted thesis, that the imperial campaign was aimed at eliminating Bulgarian statehood and incorporating its lands into Byzantium. It seems, therefore, that the purpose of the described activities was to exclude, for a long time, Khan Kroum (796/803–814) and his subordinates from military engagement in Thrace, Macedonia, i.e. areas where the Empire tried to regain and consolidate its influence.
PL
Celem artykułu jest przedstawienie wpływu wielkiej wyprawy zbrojnej pod wodzą cesarza bizantyńskiego Nikefora I Genika (802–811) na ogólną polityczno-gospodarczą sytuację ziem państwa bułgarskiego. W trakcie działań zbrojnych na terenie chanatu, wojska bizantyńskie niszczyły pola uprawne,  wybijały zwierzęta hodowlane i prawdopodobnie dopuściły się mordów na miejscowej ludności. Zazwyczaj badacze tłumaczą te działania rozluźnieniem dyscypliny w armii cesarskiej, w związku z brakiem decyzyjności ze strony głównodowodzącego. Na podstawie korelacji i racjonalizacji źródeł dotyczących kampanii należy uznać, że niszczycielska aktywność wojskowa była podejmowana świadomie, z myślą o zadaniu Bułgarom możliwie największych strat gospodarczych. Co więcej, taka interpretacja przeczy powszechnej tezie, że wspomniana kampania cesarska miała na celu likwidację państwowości bułgarskiej i inkorporację jej ziem do Bizancjum. Należy uznać, że celem opisywanych działań było raczej wyłączenie na dłuższy czas chana Kruma (796/803–814) i jego podwładnych z zaangażowania zbrojnego na terenie Tracji i Macedonii, czyli obszarów, na których cesarstwo starało się odzyskać oraz umocnić swoje wpływy.
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