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EN
A debatable problem of the display of induced seismicity and its causes during the construction of reservoirs (Reservoir Induced Seismicity - RIS) is considered on the basis of an analysis of various publications. This paper describes the history of the evolution of ideas about the possibility of the activation of seismic events in the zones of influence of artificial reservoirs and examples of such activation in aseismic areas, which is a medium geological response to technogenic interference (e.g. Shivajisagar reservoir in West India, Mead reservoir in the USA, Danjiangkou Reservoir in central China, Nurek reservoir in Central Asia, Chirkey reservoir in Dagestan and other). The problem and reasons of induced seismicity (RIS) are debatable. however, published examples demonstrate the existence of this process. For reservoirs with different amounts of water RIS is an inseparable component of the natural and man-made geological process. The world statistics knows cases of seismicity intensification in areas near small man-made reservoirs with low pressure levels (Belecha in former Yugoslavia, Marathon in Greece, Grandval in France). In addition, it was found that the number of local earthquakes increased after creating a cascade of three small water reservoirs (Studen Kladenets, Kardzhali and Ivaylovgrad) in the basin of The Arda river (Bulgaria). The RIS examples listed above allow us to think that it is not only the creation of large reservoirs that change (in some cases, intensifies) the local seismicity in the surrounding area. No reservoir, no matter what size it is, is insured from such geological process. At the present time there are more than 100 places in the world with displays of induced seismicity due to reservoir construction. In India there are up to eight reservoirs with these problems. Induced seismicity associated with the influence of man-made water reservoirs, causes a specific geo-ecological risks to the surrounding areas.
EN
The aim of this work is to capture the key events after the devastating earthquakes in Skopje in 1963 and Banja Luka in 1969. A special emphasis is put on the reaction of the federal authorities, foreign responses and demographic changes in the affected areas. These aspects of the research are part of the broader perspective on the history of Yugoslavia in the 1960s. Both natural disasters also serve as the object of comparison that can prove changes in the attitudes of the Yugoslav administration and the public within a few years.
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EN
In asking the question embedded in the title, this article explores the tension between inertia and change in cultural historical studies. Inertia in this context does not mean inactive or inert (i.e., without active properties), but the structural constraints that are revealed when codes, forms, practices, roles, etc., contest. What kinds and forms of socio-cultural knowledge, values, or structures are maintained, developed, or abandoned across geographies and throughout a system’s history? Rather than thinking in terms of core and margin and related binaries of difference and “othering,” inertia and change as historiographical strategies focus on the dynamics that affect social systems and structures, preserving some systems to conserve energy while introducing or forsaking others. In the process of exploring these spaces in historiographical time, this article draws historical examples from attempts among scholars and performers in the United States in the latter nineteenth century to stage “American” histories that stored, rejected, and created past and contemporaneous historical spaces at such sites as Lewis Henry Morgan’s view of Ancient Society (1877), the Columbian Exposition of 1893, and Buffalo Bill’s Wild West.
EN
The term “earthquake” appears in the Book of Revelation seven times. The number “seven” has great significance in the Bible. However, the sevenfold occurrence of the concept of “earthquake” in the Book of Revelation is a result of the use of John’s patterns, which reveal Mary’s dignity as “the Mother of the Lord.” Furthermore, the magnitude of these earthquakes corresponds to the Greek expression ἡ μήτηρ τοῦ κυρίου μου (Luke 1:43). Thus apocalyptic earthquakes are evidently linked to the Mother of the Lord.
PL
Pojęcie „trzęsienie ziemi” pojawia się w Apokalipsie siedem razy. Liczba siedem ma głębokie znaczenie w Biblii. Jednak siedmiokrotne występowanie pojęcia „trzęsienie ziemi” w Księdze Objawienia jest wynikiem użycia wzorów Janowych, które ujawniają godność Maryi jako „Matki Pana”. Ponadto, wielkość tych trzęsień ziemi odpowiada greckiemu wyrażeniu ἡ μήτηρ τοῦ κυρίου μου (Łk 1, 43). Apokaliptyczne trzęsienia ziemi są więc wyraźnie powiązane z Matką Pana.
EN
A sudden death: Russians about the Great Lisbon Earthquake in 1755 The article presents three groups of texts about the earthquakes and the Great Lisbon Earthquake in 1755, published in Russia in the Enlightenment: 1. the articles from the journal “Sankt-Petersburgskie vedomosti” (1755), 2. the scientific and popular science articles about the earthquakes (Mikhail Lomonosov, 1757 etc.), 3. the works concerning the Poem on the Lisbon Disaster by Voltaire and the J.J. Rousseau’s letter about it (translation of Poem on the Lisbon Dis­aster by Ippolit Bogdanovich, 1763; translation of the Rousseau’s letter and the Johann Gottfried Reichel’s commentary in the periodical “Sobranie luchshih sochinenii”, 1762; the treatise of Vasily Levshin (Lyovshin), 1780, published in 1788, etc.). The article treats also on the problem of theo­dicy (Essays of Theodicy on the Goodness of God, the Freedom of Man and the Origin of Evil by Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz).
RU
Скоропостижная смерть. Русские о землетрясении в Лиссабоне 1755 года В статье анализируются три группы сочинений представителей русского Просвеще­ния, описывающих землетрясение, в том числе в Лиссабоне (1755): 1. сообщения в газете „Санкт-Петербургские ведомости” (1755), 2. научные и научно-популярные статьи о земле­трясениях (Михаила Ломоносова, 1757, и др.), 3. труды о Поэме на разрушение Лиссабона Вольтера и письме о нем Ж. Ж. Руссо (перевод Ипполита Богдановича На разрушение Лис­сабона, 1763; перевод письма Вольтера и комментарий И.Г. Рейхеля вжурнале „Собрание лучших сочинений”, 1762; сочинение Василия Левшина, 1789, публ. 1788, и др.). В статье речь идет о теодицеи (диссертация Г. В. Лейбница Опыты теодицеи: о благости Божией, свободе человека и происхождении зла).
EN
This article offers an overview of studies conducted in the United States, Japan and Taiwan regarding the impact of natural disasters on the dynamics of suicides. It additionally includes Polish studies on the impact of the 1997 flood on suicide rates. Consequently, the text discusses extremely diverse societies that have evolved following different cultural patterns. The results of the studies are not conclusive. Some statistical analyses reveal an increase in suicide rates after natural disasters, while others show their numbers to fall among men and/or women. Therefore, the cultural context that shapes the dynamics of suicides in populations struck by a natural disaster seems to be of particular significance. Natural cataclysms cause multiple social and economic problems, which in turn might result in suicides. The issue addressed in the article becomes particularly important in the context of climate change. The proposed measures that are to reduce suicidal behaviours among people in the wake of natural disasters should be carefully considered and developed accordingly, bearing the specific cultural context in mind.
Pamiętnik Teatralny
|
2021
|
vol. 70
|
issue 4
25-40
PL
Poprzez pytanie zawarte w tytule artykuł analizuje napięcie między inercją a zmianą w badaniach nad historią kultury. Inercja w tym kontekście nie oznacza bezczynności czy bezwładności (czyli braku aktywnych właściwości), ale strukturalne ograniczenia, które ujawniają się, gdy kwestionowane są kody, formy, praktyki, role itp. Jakie rodzaje i formy społecznokulturowej wiedzy, wartości lub struktur są pielęgnowane, rozwijane, a jakie porzucane na różnych obszarach geograficznych i w całej historii systemu społecznego? Inercja i zmiana jako strategie historiograficzne umożliwiają rezygnację z myślenia w kategoriach istoty i marginesu oraz związanych z nimi binarnych opozycji opartych na różnicy i inności, by skupić się na dynamice, która wpływa na podtrzymanie niektórych systemów i struktur społecznych w celu zachowania energii oraz na porzucanie bądź wprowadzanie innych. W procesie badania przestrzeni w czasie historiograficznym autorka czerpie historyczne przykłady z podejmowanych przez uczonych i performerów w Stanach Zjednoczonych w drugiej połowie XIX wieku prób inscenizowania „amerykańskich” historii, które przechowywały, odrzucały i tworzyły przeszłe i współczesne przestrzenie historyczne: wizja Ancient Society Lewisa Henry’ego Morgana (1877), Columbian Exposition z 1893 roku i Dziki Zachód Buffalo Billa.
EN
In asking the question embedded in the title, this article explores the tension between inertia and change in cultural historical studies. Inertia in this context does not mean inactive or inert (i.e., without active properties), but the structural constraints that are revealed when codes, forms, practices, roles, etc., contest. What kinds and forms of socio-cultural knowledge, values, or structures are maintained, developed, or abandoned across geographies and throughout a system’s history? Rather than thinking in terms of core and margin and related binaries of difference and “othering,” inertia and change as historiographical strategies focus on the dynamics that affect social systems and structures, preserving some systems to conserve energy while introducing or forsaking others. In the process of exploring these spaces in historiographical time, this article draws historical examples from attempts among scholars and performers in the United States in the latter nineteenth century to stage “American” histories that stored, rejected, and created past and contemporaneous historical spaces at such sites as Lewis Henry Morgan’s view of Ancient Society (1877), the Columbian Exposition of 1893, and Buffalo Bill’s Wild West.
EN
The article presents the fall of ancient Greek cities - Mycenae and Tiryns. The author describes various causes of fall indicated by archaeologists and historians, such as: the Dorian invasion, internal conflict, fires, drought and invasion of pirates. The agony of the Mycenaean world lasted for many years. Most likely, we will never get a reliable answer to the question: why the Mycenaean civilization collapsed suddenly and finally.
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