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Lewica o polskiej polityce wschodniej w XXI w.

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EN
The subject of the article is the views of the Left on eastern policy. The study covered the 21st century, as it brought decomposition at the level of the international system, with regard to the quality of international relations and in the geopolitical space. New challenges emerged for Poland. These challenges resulted from the imperial policy of Russia, the strengthening of the international position of Germany and its cooperation with Russia, lowering the level of security in Central and Eastern Europe, the crisis of the European Union, and the strategic and doctrinal reorientation of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization. In the first decade of the independent Third Republic of Poland, the main political parties and movements agreed on the implementation of two strategic goals: joining the North Atlantic Treaty Organization and accession to the European Union, achieved in 1999–2004. At the same time, politicians gave various answers to the issues and challenges outlined above, and disputes over the implementation of Polish foreign policy reduced its effectiveness. The Left was one of the participants in the dispute. In the Third Polish Republic, the Social Democracy of the Republic of Poland and the Democratic Left Alliance (the so-called post-communist parties) were of the greatest importance among the left-wing political parties, and from 2020 the New Left. The post-communist left ruled in Poland in the years 1993–1997 and 2001–2005, and then functioned as a parliamentary, extra-parliamentary and again parliamentary opposition. In January 2020, the Democratic Left Alliance adopted the name of the New Left, which remained after the unification with the Spring party.
EN
The main objective is to analyze the place and role played by history in the operations of Poland and Germany in the field of Eastern policy, with particular emphasis on the context surrounding the Russian war against Ukraine and how it developed in the first months of this conflict. In order to demonstrate the relationship between history’s influence on the present public discourse and Eastern and European policy of Poland and Germany, the article focuses on selected aspects of these countries’ Eastern policy, both historically and currently. The study also shows the connection between history and politics, particularly as it relates to the Russian Federation’s use of the so-called historical tools in hybrid tactics aimed at Poland, Germany, Ukraine and other democratic European countries. The text employs both the historical method and the comparative method. Additionally, discourse analysis was used in order to examine selected utterances of politicians and other representatives of public life in Poland and Germany, regarding history and Eastern policy. Selected elements of the analysis of the decision-making process related to the issues of the politics of memory, Eastern policy as well as European policy were also used.
EN
The study addresses the issue of the positions of political parties in Poland on eastern policy, in particular on Polish-Ukrainian cooperation. Therefore, an attempt was made to answer questions about the historical background of these views, the impact of international and internal situation in Poland and Ukraine. The subject of the analysis was the issues of economic relations, views on the European integration of Ukraine, the relevance of historical issues in the programs and decisions of political parties from the early 1990s to 2023.
PL
Opracowanie podejmuje problematykę stanowisk partii politycznych w Polsce w kwestii polityki wschodniej, a szczególnie współpracy polsko-ukraińskiej. W związku z tym podjęto próbę odpowiedzi na pytania dotyczące uwarunkowań historycznych tych poglądów, wpływu sytuacji międzynarodowej oraz wewnętrznej w Polsce i na Ukrainie. Przedmiotem analizy były m.in. zagadnienia relacji gospodarczych, poglądów dotyczących integracji europejskiej Ukrainy, relewancji kwestii historycznych w programach i decyzjach partii politycznych od początku lat dziewięćdziesiątych do 2023 roku.
EN
Contemporary international relations are characterized by a complex structure and create a complicated image of constantly changing events and processes. After the declaration of independence during Algirdas Brazauskas and Valdas Adamus’ presidency, the foreign policy of Lithuania was concentrated on forthcoming membership in NATO and EU, which constituted a strategic priority in Lithuania further development. Nowadays, the main objective of Lithuania foreign policy is not focused on relations with The United States and Poland but with Scandinavia, Nordic-Baltic countries – Iceland, Denmark, Norway, Sweden, Finland, Estonia, Latvia.
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