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An interdisciplinary approach to environmental protection: legal, economic, technological, and philosophical considerations

100%
Zębek E., Augustyniak M., Kowalczyk M.
Journal of Modern Science
|
2021
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issue 2/47/2021
497-520
EN
Objectives This paper aims to present the relations between legal, economic, technological instruments and the factors affecting the dominating standard of social awareness which affects ethical choices in the scope of environmental protection. Material and methods The article uses the method of analysis and criticism of the literature as well as dogmatic and legal. Results Effective environmental protection demands an interdisciplinary approach. It should rest on the foundation of legal regulations setting out rules for the use and protection of natural resources with the principle of sustainable development. People need these resources for survival but they contribute to their degradation. To secure the basic rights of people, the environment and economic growth, effective environmental protection is a must. Conclusions This analysis served to develop a model that integrates these elements for the purpose of effective environmental protection. In a nutshell, effective environmental protection cannot be attained through legal instruments alone; they must be coordinated – the use of the best available techniques – with adequate economic tools and ethical standing of the society.
2
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Promocja gospodarcza Polski – wybrane zagadnienia

100%
Grzelak S.
Kontrola Państwowa
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2017
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vol. 62
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issue 2 (373)
82-93
EN
Economic promotion, if prepared properly and realised effectively, should provide information and argumentation that encourage people to purchase goods produced in the given country, and to start economic cooperation with companies from that country. In the years 2010 – 2015, there were over 170 entities that created, supported and realised activities in the area of economic promotion. Approximate total costs of the activities aimed at internationalisation incurred by the public sector stood at about PLN 2.2 billion. However, as the NIK audit shows, although those activities were realised in a broad scope and in various forms, they had not been preceded by adoption of strategic assumptions at the national and regional level. They were not properly coordinated, either, which made it impossible to take advantage of economies of scale. The reason behind is that a coherent system of Poland’s economic promotion did not exist.
3
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Pierwsza kampania prezydencka Aleksandra Kwaśniewskiego w świetle teorii wyboru publicznego

86%
Szymczak D.
UR Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences
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2019
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issue 1(10)
74-90
PL
Aleksander Kwaśniewski – prezydent Polski w latach 1995–2005 w trakcie obrad Okrągłego Stołu reprezentował stronę rządową. Ten fakt oraz działalność w Polskiej Zjednoczonej Partii Robotniczej dla wielu ludzi wykluczały go jako pretendenta do strategicznych stanowisk w wolnej Polsce. Socjaldemokracja Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej – ugrupowanie powstałe na gruzach PZPR, pod wodzą Kwaśniewskiego wygrało jednak wybory parlamentarne w 1993 r., a Kwaśniewski objął najważniejszy urząd w państwie. Rodzi się zatem pytanie: co było przyczyną sukcesu wyborczego kandydata lewicy? Odwołując się do teorii wyboru publicznego, autor ukazuje, że instrumentarium ekonomiczne może być przydatne w wyjaśnianiu procesów zachodzących we współczesnej polityce. W toku argumentacji próbuje uzasadnić tezę, że pierwsza kampania prezydencka Aleksandra Kwaśniewskiego była w dużym stopniu oparta na dorobku opisywanego nurtu.
EN
The purpose of the article is to analyse current political processes from the economic dimension. The author, by referring to the theory of public choice, shows that economic instruments can be a tool of better understanding of voter behaviour, and politicians/ political parties. As an empirical example of the usage of economic analysis in planning an election strategy, the author describes the election strategy implemented during the first election campaign of Aleksander Kwaśniewski in 1995.
4
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Instruments for maintaining the financial stability of territorial self-government entities

86%
Owsiak K.
Prace Naukowe Uniwersytetu Ekonomicznego we Wrocławiu
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2019
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issue vol. 63, nr 12
100-112
EN
Considerations related to the stability of a financial system include the issue of public finance stability. However, such considerations are often characterised by the inconsistency of terminology, which results from the fact that the concept of public finance stability is used as a synonym of fiscal stability, and, in addition to that, the term is not defined. Undoubtedly, fiscal stability is assessed in the context of the debt limits and deficit levels of the public finance sector. A rapid increase in the indebtedness of territorial self-government entities (part of the total public debt) resulted, among others, from economic slowdown, which indicated that more attention should be given to the financial stability of local government entities. The paper is an attempt to discuss the concept of the financial stability of territorial self-government entities; it proposes a broader approach to the financial stability of territorial self-government entities, and it presents the effectiveness of selected instruments which affect financial stability in Poland.
PL
Rozważania nad stabilnością systemu finansowego implikują kwestie związane ze stabilnością systemu finansów publicznych. Jednakże rozważaniom tym towarzyszy chaos terminologiczny wynikający z faktu, że pojęcie stabilności finansów publicznych jest zamiennie stosowane z pojęciem stabilności fiskalnej przy jednoczesnym braku jego zdefiniowania. Z pewnością można przyjąć, że stabilność fiskalną ocenia się w odniesieniu do limitów długu i deficytu sektora finansów publicznych. Wzrost zadłużenia jednostek samorządu terytorialnego będącego częścią długu publicznego wynikał m.in. ze spowolnienia gospodarczego i przyczynił się do położenia większego nacisku także na problem stabilności finansowej jednostek samorządu terytorialnego. Artykuł stanowi próbę odniesienia się do pojęcia stabilności finansowej jednostek samorządu terytorialnego, zawiera propozycję szerszego podejścia do tego pojęcia, jak też omawia skuteczność wybranych instrumentów mających wpływ na stabilność finansową w Polsce.
5

Ekonomické nástroje v české územně plánovací praxi potenciál a bariéry jejich využití

72%
Vejchodská E., Felcman J., Šindlerová V.
Urbanismus a územní rozvoj
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2019
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issue 6
11-17
EN
In June 2019, a work seminar on innovative tools in spatial planning was held for specialists under the auspices of the Ministry for Regional Development. A discussion on innovative tools and usable inspiration from abroad is highly desirable in relation to current recodification of building legislation. One of the aims of the seminar was to get reliable feedback about these tools and their use in Czech building legislation. The article presents an outline of tools that were evaluated most highly and a discussion on benefits that can be generated by economic tools as well as barriers that must be overcome in order to apply these tools in Czech spatial planning practice. The respondents said that the most promising of the tools presented was the Swiss system of flat rate levy from appreciation of land after construction or sale. Ranked second were financial agreements between municipalities and developers under transparent rules. The third position was occupied by a tool called land readjustment. On the other hand, tradeable rights seem to be the least attractive tool for the Czech specialists. Also, the Dutch tool of purchase of land by municipalities, in combination with possible expropriation for building with overhead costs carried by the municipality, are not attractive for Czech professionals. As to potential benefits from these tools, the respondents were most interested in the possibility of financing public infrastructure. Also, they mentioned more justice, more equality of conditions and more transparency in relation to equal business settings and land annuity as windfall profit. Another type of benefit, efficient land use,was often mentioned in relation to defence against speculation with land. According to the respondents, the impossibility of parcelling out plots economically and placing buildings in the most suitable urban locations was an obstacle for a more economical arrangement of buildings and high-quality urban planning in the Czech Republic. The response about barriers in implementation of economic tools was characterized by three main topics. One was excessive protection of ownership rights in the Czech Republic, usually accompanied by the objection that Czech legislation does not define public interest in a way applicable to private land owners. This objection was particularly strong in comparison with German tools of territorial reorganization. Second, some respondents had doubts about the professional capacity of public administration bodies to apply these tools, e.g. due to high numbers of Czech municipalities with spatial planning within their authority, most of which have a population lower than 500. The third type of objection was scepticism about pushing these tools through in legislation.
CS
V červnu 2019 proběhl pod záštitou MMR ČR pracovní seminář s odbornou veřejností na téma inovativních nástrojů územního plánování. Diskuse týkající se inovativních nástrojů a vhodná inspirace ze zahraničí je v souvislosti s probíhající rekodifikací stavebního práva více než potřebná. Jedním z cílů semináře bylo také získat kvalifikovanou zpětnou vazbu o nástrojích a jejich možném využití v rámci českého stavebního práva od odborné veřejnosti. Článek přináší přehled nejlépe hodnocených nástrojů – švýcarské paušální odvedení části zhodnocení pozemku územním plánem, mnichovský model finančních dohod s developery podepřených transparentními pravidly a německý přístup k reorganizaci území. Spolu s tím jsou v článku diskutovány nejčastěji zmiňované přínosy, které by tyto nástroje mohly pro českou územně plánovací praxi znamenat, a zároveň bariéry, které bude nutné pro jejich aplikaci překonat.
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