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WIDMO EKONOMICZNEJ KATASTROFY CZY STRACH PRZED KOMUNIZMEM? MOTYWY PLANU MARSHALLA W ŚWIETLE AMERYKAŃSKICH DOKUMENTÓW1

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Kowalski K.
Polityka i Społeczeństwo
|
2015
|
issue 2(13)
98-112 (15)
EN
The European Recovery Program was one of the most creative and inspired acts in modern American diplomacy. The article discusses the sequence of events prior to an-nouncement of the Plan at Harvard University within the aim of providing arguments on the significance of economic and political factors of the Marshall Plan. The starting point was set in early 1947 when G. C. Marshall took the office of the Secretary of State. Then the Moscow conference and subsequent radio speech by Marshall is described. The text also comments on D. Acheson’s speech in Delta Council, Cleveland and deals with the Policy Planning Staff established by Marshall soon after his arrival from Moscow con-ference. The central part of the article is devoted to the report of the Policy Planning Staff (May 1947) and the alarmist memorandum prepared by William Clayton. In the final paragraph, the Marshall Plan speech of June, 5th is analysed in respect of its importance in both economic and political circumstances.
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Economy and Society of Afghanistan - a Special Case of the 'Dutch Disease'

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Modrzejewska-Leśniewska J.
Warsaw Forum of Economic Sociology
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2012
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vol. 3
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issue 6
69-92
EN
In the article the social and economic transformation of Afghanistan is examined in a historical perspective. The author notices that Afghanistan's trajectory of development, since the modernization of the country began in the 19th century, has eventually produced the state of so-called 'Dutch disease', that is, a relationship between the increase in exploitation of natural resources and a demise of the manufacturing sector. In the Afghani case, the natural resources' responsible for halting industrialization are narcotics (opium), on the global exports of which the entire local economy became strictly dependent. The author names number of reasons behind such a direction of development, including political, economic, an cultural factors but remains skeptical about possible ways out of that developmental trap.
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