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Leaders And Followers In The Effectiveness Of Public Safety Services In European States – A Spatial Frontier Approach

100%
Żółtaszek A.
Comparative Economic Research. Central and Eastern Europe
|
2014
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vol. 17
|
issue 4
253-272
EN
Public safety is an important factor in both public and private life. Simultaneously it is one of the most regionally diverse sectors, due to historical, cultural, social, legal, and financial differences.Therefore, it is very difficult to compare public safety policies and facilities directly. However, assessment and comparison are crucial factors for defining the best practices and implementing the “learning-from-the-best” policy, which is important in the process of regional development and globalization. Fortunately some quantitative methods, such as DEA (Data Envelopment Analysis) enable this kind of research. DEA allows for analyzing relative effectiveness based on inputs and outputs, without incorporating procedural specifics of public safety. Therefore, the aim of this paper is to perform a regional analysis of the technical effectiveness of public safety systems in European states in 2003 and 2012 by utilizing an optimization method of DEA. Based on the results of this research countries are divided into two groups - effective and ineffective. Countries with effective systems are considered leaders. They present best practices which should be treated as benchmarks for the countries with ineffective systems, i.e. followers. In the research, inputs of the Data Envelopment Analysis consist of human and financial resources, as these are crucial for the functioning of public safety systems. The outputs are transformations of major crime categories. The analysis has been carried out for selected European countries in 2003 and 2012. This analysis indicates that among the countries with effective public safety systems are Finland, Norway, Romania and Poland.The worst technical efficiency could be observed in Belgium, the UK, Estonia, and Italy, which are underperforming and wasting a large proportion of their resources. This research indicates that despite many differences among states’ public safety policies, improvement and regional development can be stimulated and achieved by implementing the “learning-from-the-best” policy.
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Atrakcyjność inwestycyjna i płatnicza kryptowalut – ocena z perspektywy analizy SWOT

63%
Żółtaszek A., Matera A.
Przegląd Prawno-Ekonomiczny
|
2023
|
issue 4
179-199
EN
The cryptocurrency market is still in the development phase, both technologically and organizationally, but it has undoubtedly revolutionized the functioning and perception of the financial sector. As the results of a global survey suggest, as many as 92% of respondents have heard of cryptocurrencies, but only 50% declare that they know what they are. Since their introduction into circulation, they have invariably aroused interest, but also concerns. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to assess the investment attractiveness of cryptocurrencies using the SWOT method. The article presents the characteristics of virtual currencies (advantages and disadvantages, i.e. anonymity, decentralization, transfer module), as well as selected opportunities (i.e. increased availability, incorporation into payment systems and transaction facilitation) and threats (in particular financial, ecological and criminal risks). The results of the analysis should prove helpful in the process of making investment and financial decisions regarding the use of cryptocurrencies.The discrepancy in the goals and priorities regarding the regulation and evaluation of cryptocurrencies between various entities (individual and collective users, states, public institutions, criminal groups) makes the future of virtual currencies difficult to predict. It can be expected that in the long term, the popularization or marginalization of cryptocurrencies will be determined by the extent to which it will be possible to take advantage of opportunities and minimize threats at subsequent stages of development, as well as the consistency and effectiveness of policies relating to investing in cryptocurrencies.
PL
Kryptowaluty, jako nowy środek płatniczy i przedmiot inwestycji, stały się powszechnym tematem dyskusji na rynkach finansowych. Ewolucja pieniądza dowodzi, że jego forma przez tysiąclecia dostosowywana była do potrzeb ludzi i rynku, a kryptowaluty są bez wątpienia kolejnym etapem w tej długiej historii. Na chwilę obecną trudno stwierdzić, czy waluty wirtualne wejdą w przyszłości do mainstreamu finansów, czy pozostaną niszową formą pieniądza. Dołączenie do grona użytkowników kryptowalut, czy też unikanie tej metody płatności i formy inwestycji, powinno być podyktowane rzetelną oceną realnych szans zysków, jakie dają waluty wirtualne, oraz zagrożeń z nimi związanych.Głównym powodem atrakcyjności płatniczej i inwestycyjnej kryptowalut jest brak centralnego emitenta, czyli funkcjonowanie na zasadzie zdecentralizowanego systemu. Głównym czynnikiem do obaw są duże zmiany cen poszczególnych coinów w krótkim i ultrakrótkim okresie. Ponadto anonimowość transakcji sprzyja ich wykorzystywaniu w działalności przestępczej, co budzi niepokój wielu potencjalnych użytkowników. Ryzykiem, którego nieświadomych jest wielu posiadaczy, jest ich negatywny wpływ na środowisko wynikający z ogromnego zapotrzebowania na energię elektryczną podczas „wydobywania” coinów i powiązany z tym ślad węglowy.Poszerzenie wiedzy o funkcjonowaniu rynku kryptowalut powinno wpłynąć pozytywnie na racjonalność zachowań inwestorów, zwłaszcza indywidualnych, stabilizację długookresową popytu i cen, jak również na zapewnienie wyższego poziomu bezpieczeństwa na zdecentralizowanych rynkach finansowych.
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