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Věcná významnost výsledků a její možnosti měření

100%
Soukup P.
Data a výzkum - SDA Info (Data and Research - SDA Info)
|
2013
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vol. 7
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issue 2
125-148
EN
In this article it is argued that one of the main problems in data analysis is an over-emphasis on statistical rather than substantive significance. Statistical significance reports the improbability of specific outcomes from sample data using a null hypothesis. In contrast, substantive significance is concerned with the real-world meaning of data modelling results for a population, regardless of p value, where an effect size estimator is used for evaluation. The argument presented in this article begins with a consideration of how substantive significance may be defined. Thereafter, there is a summary of the literature on substantive significance and its measurement using a variety of effect size estimators, many of which are little known to researchers. This article also examines the topics of economic and clinical significance. In the conclusion, this study discusses attempts to synthesise different concepts of substantive significance and recommends some practical usage of these concepts.
2

Krzywe operacyjno-charakterystyczne w ewaluacyjnych badaniach marketingowych

100%
Sagan A.
Zeszyty Naukowe Uniwersytetu Ekonomicznego w Krakowie
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2011
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issue 864
5-17
EN
The articles examines the characteristics and use of the receiver operator characteristic (ROC) in research on marketing phenomena. This approach is an extremely popular tool for assessing prediction accuracy in medical research and signal detection, and is being ever more widely used in social and marketing research. The article presents the main indicators of classification accuracy for contingency tables (2×2) and the principles governing the use of ROC curves. The use of these curves is illustrated with an analysis of the accuracy of the choice of car (new or used) based on the structure of customer benefits.
3
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VOCABULARY GLOSSING: A META-ANALYSIS OF THE RELATIVE EFFECTIVENESS OF DIFFERENT GLOSS TYPES ON L2 VOCABULARY ACQUISITION

88%
Vahedi V. S., Ghonsooly B., Pishghadam R.
Teaching English with Technology
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2016
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vol. 16
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issue 1
3-25
EN
In recent years there has been a growing interest to incorporate hypertext glosses into L2 reading materials and accordingly, it has provoked researchers to uncover to what extent and under which moderator variables a specific type of gloss yields more effective outcomes than other types of glossing. The present meta-analysis attempts to examine the magnitude of the effect of different gloss types (single vs. multiple glosses) on L2 vocabulary acquisition along with identification of the contextual factors that influence between-study variation through synthetizing 34 primary articles which satisfy the inclusion criteria. The overall effect size is found to be + 0.83 (p<0.05), indicating that multiple glosses (text+visual) has a large, positive effect on learners’ vocabulary acquisition than single mode of glossing (text-only). Moderator analyses further suggest that intensity of the program and L2 proficiency level are potential moderators influencing the heterogeneity between effect sizes, whereas the learning context, sample size and research design do not have such impact.
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Possibilities of usage meta-analysis method in economic research area

75%
Gondek A.
Management
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2013
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vol. 17
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issue 2
117-126
EN
Possibilities of usage meta-analysis method in economic research area The article presents the method of meta-analysis showing its essence, main elements, steps of carrying out research, as well as showing the advantages and disadvantages. In the support to available scientific bases of the source body of the literature, the author checked the economic studies, in which meta-analysis was used and divided them into twelve subject groups. Two group were the most numerous, they were: (1) macro-economics in such subjest as development and growth economics, sustainable development, national accounts, public budgeting and finance and (2) management, especially about productivity, quality of human capital, organizational attitude, and widely understood competitiveness.
5
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Pojęcie wielkości efektu na tle teorii Neymana-Pearsona testowania hipotez statystycznych

63%
Szymczak W., Uniwersytet Łódzki W. N. o. W., wieszym@uni.lodz.pl
Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Psychologica
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2015
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vol. 19
PL
Celem tej pracy jest zwrócenie uwagi badaczy wykorzystujących metody statystyczne w analizie wyników swoich badań na pomieszanie dwóch różnych teorii testowania hipotez statystycznych, teorii Fishera i teorii Neymana–Pearsona. Zawarcie, w obecnie stosowanym instrumentarium statystycznym, pomysłów z obu tych teorii, powoduje, że znakomita większość badaczy bez chwili namysłu za prawdziwą przyjmuje stwierdzenie, iż im mniejsze prawdopodobieństwo, tym silniejsza zależność. Przedstawione zostały słabe strony teorii Neymana–Pearsona i wynikające z nich problemy przy podejmowaniu decyzji w wyniku przeprowadzonych testów. Problemy te stały się usprawiedliwionym poszukiwaniem mniej zawodnych rozwiązań, jednakże zaproponowane mierniki wielkości efektu, jako wykorzystujące z jednej strony dogmat o związku między wielkością prawdopodobieństwa w teście i siłą zależności, a z drugiej – brak jakichkolwiek podstaw teoretycznych tego rozwiązania, wydają się jeszcze jednym pseudorozwiązaniem rzeczywiście występujących problemów. Dodatkowo, wykorzystywanie mierników wielkości efektów wygląda na próbę zwolnienia badaczy z głębokiego myślenia o uzyskanych wynikach z analizy statystycznej, w kategoriach merytorycznych. Powstał trywialny przepis: odpowiednia wartość miernika natychmiast implikuje siłę zależności – podejście takie wydaje się niegodne badacza.
EN
The aim of this study is to draw the attention of researchers using statistical methods in the analysis of the results of their research on the combination of two different theories testing statistical hypothesis, Fisher’s theory and Neyman-Pearson’s theory. Including in the presently used statistical instruments, ideas of both of these theories, causes that the vast majority of researchers without a moment’s thought, acknowledge that the smaller the probability the stronger relationship. The study presents the weaknesses of Neyman-Pearson’s theory and the resulting problems with decision-making as a result of the conducted tests. These problems have become a justified quest for less unreliable solutions, however, the proposed measures of the size effect as using on one hand dogma about the relationship between the degree of probability in the test and the strength of dependence, on the other, lack of any theoretical basis of this solution, seem to be another pseudo solution to actual problems. Moreover, the use of measures of size effect seems to be an attempt to free researchers from the profound thinking about the results obtained from the statistical analysis. A trivial recipe was established: the corresponding value of the measures instantly implies the strength of the relationship – this approach seems unworthy of the researcher.
6
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Interpretacja statystyk w ar tykułach naukowych – wskazówki dla praktyków

63%
Budzicz Ł.
Psychologiczne Zeszyty Naukowe
|
2017
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issue 1
143-158
PL
Artykuł zawiera informacje o tym, jak interpretować podstawowe dane statystyczne: wskaźniki istotności statystycznej, wielkości efektu i przedziały ufności. Pokazano kilka heurystyk użytecznych przy interpretacji wielkości efektów korelacji r Pearsona, statystyki d Cohena oraz relatywnego ryzyka. Olbrzymia większość pozostałych efektów jest pochodną wyżej wymienionych. Dodatkowo wskazano również, jakie są ograniczenia wybranych wskaźników, szczególnie istotności statystycznej. Artykuł jest pomyślany jako pomoc szczególnie dla psychologów praktyków.
EN
The article contains information how to interpret statistical data: statistical significance, effect size and confidence intervals. Several heuristics are given how to usefully interpret the magnitude of the correlation Pearson’s r, Cohen’s d and relative risk. The vast majority of other effects is a derivative of the aforementioned. In addition, I also show the limitations of selected indicators, especially statistical significance. This article is intended as an aid especially for psychologists practitioners.
7
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Šikana na pracovišti : modely empirického odhadu výskytu a psychologických problémů viktimizace na vzorku pracujících v České republice

51%
Cakirpaloglu P., Šmahaj J., Dobešová Cakirpaloglu S., Zielina M., Slavíček O.
Československá psychologie (Czechoslovak Psychology)
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2019
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vol. 63
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issue 2
136-149
EN
Goals. The aim of the paper is to support the process of differentiation of the victims affected by bullying in the workplace as based on behavioral and subjective indicators of workplace as same as to examine the characteristics of the mental state of the bullied employees with the support of factual significance in individual subgroups. Sample and method. The survey sample consisted of 7,103 employees, aged 18-68 (26.26% men and 73.74% women, M = 42, SD = 11.03). The variables were recorded using the Czech version of the revised Negative Acts Questionnaire (NAQ-R) and the Structure and Dynamics of Subjective States (SUPSO) including the anamnestic questionnaire. Statistical analysis. Using the Statistica 12 program, the descriptive values, t-tests, including two vectors of the average values of the Hotelling test were carried out. The effect size (Cohen‘ s d) were calculated using the formula from the basic numerical characteristics. Results. The results of the survey showed that bullying at the workplace is related with psychological well-being, activity, impulsiveness, tension, depression, anxiety and depression in the defined subgroups of bullied employees. Limitations. The major limitations of the study include the methodological limitations of the questionnaire. The questionnaire NAQ-R is also associated with limited comparability of the empirical findings concerning the prevalence of workplace bullying in different countries, due to the cultural, social, organizational and other specifics of the already realized studies. Also, choosing the local SUPSO method can open the question of comparability. The limit of research is also non-representativeness of selected sample of workers, as well as the unequal representation of men and women or the disparity between the state, non-profit and private sector.
CS
Cíle. Cílem příspěvku je podpořit postup diferenciace obětí zasažených šikanou na pracovišti vzhledem k behaviorálním a subjektivním indikátorům šikany na pracovišti a zároveň prozkoumat charakteristiky psychického stavu a prožívání s oporou o věcnou významnost u jednotlivých podskupin mobbovaných. Soubor a procedura. Výzkumný soubor tvořilo 7103 zaměstnaných ve věku 18–68 let (26,26 % mužů a 73,74 % žen, M = 42, SD = 11,03). Proměnné byly zaznamenány pomocí české verze revidovaného Dotazníku negativních projevů (NAQ-R) a dotazníku Struktury a dynamiky subjektivních stavů (SUPSO), včetně anamnestického dotazníku. Statistická analýza. S využitím programu Statistica 12 byly provedeny výpočty deskriptivních hodnot, t–testů včetně dvou vektorů středních hodnot Hotellingova testu. Hodnoty věcné významnosti (Cohenovo d) byly vypočítány pomocí vzorce ze základních číselných charakteristik. Výsledky. Šetření ukázalo, že mobbing souvisí se zhoršením psychické pohody a činorodosti, s impulzivností, psychickým nepokojem, depresí, úzkostí a sklíčeností. Výsledky věcné významnosti poukazují na praktickou užitečnost kombinovaného odhadu šikany na pracovišti. Omezení studie. Mezi významné limity této studie patří metodologická omezení dotazníkového šetření. Z textu je patrné, že se s dotazníkem NAQ-R pojí omezená srovnatelnost empirických zjištění o prevalenci mobbingu v různých zemích, vzhledem ke kulturním, sociálním, organizačním a jiným specifikám. Taktéž volba lokální metody SUPSO může otevírat otázku míry srovnatelnosti. Limitem výzkumu je také nedosažená reprezentativnost na vybraném souboru pracujících, stejně jako nerovnoměrné zastoupení mužů a žen, či nepoměr mezi zastoupením státního, neziskového a soukromého sektoru.
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