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EN
The article is a review and its aim is to present a proposal of a measurement method of efficacy of incentive instrument in contemporary sports organizations. The research material used in this paper is of secondary importance. It is based on literature and bibliographic studies. A descriptive method was applied which is one of the induction methods. Motivating employees of sports organizations consists in inducing behavior committed to achieving the goals of the company with stimuli that will satisfy their needs. The efficacy of motivation systems in sports enterprises depends primarily on the competences of operational managers and human resource managers. They may use numerous varied tools to motivate their employees which may be classified as: material monetary, material non-monetary and nonmaterial. However, estimating efficacy of an individual instrument is a fundamental problem for development of organization. With the fast growing sports market, intensive professionalization of sports in Poland and a increasing number of the offered sports products, the importance of human resources will be growing; the competitive position of companies in the global sports market will be subject to their motivating skills
EN
Objective: To evaluate the efficacy, satisfaction, safety and tolerability of sildenafil taken as prescribed prior to anticipated sexual activity in male outpatients with erectile dysfunction (ED). Materials and methods: Two hundred and three adult male with ED participated in a 2-week, no treatment, run-in period followed by a 6-week open treatment period. In the present trial, they received 50 mg of Viagra. The primary efficacy variable was the change from baseline in response to item 3 and 4 of the International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF). The secondary efficacy variables were as follows: response to the other questions of the IIEF, the IIEF domain scores, response to the Global Efficacy Assessment Question (GAQ), the Event Logs of Erectile Function and Erectile Dysfunction Inventory of Treatment Satisfaction Questionnaire. Results: A total of 203 subjects were screened and 175 subjects received the study drug. A total of 168 subjects completed the study. The percent of improved erection based on the (GAQ) was 84.5%. The mean rate of successful intercourse was 0.6. Almost thirty-seven percent of patients were satisfied with the effect of treatment in their erections at week 2. The treatment satisfaction increased to 83.3 % at the end of the study, after 62.6 % of patients increased dose to 100 mg of Viagra. A total of 7 (4%) subject discontinued the study prior to the final visit. The reasons of discontinuation were: adverse events - 1.1%, lost to follow-up - 1.1%, subject no longer willing to participate - 3. Of the 175 subjects who received Viagra, 34 subjects experienced at least one adverse event. Conclusions: The results of the analyses of the responses to the primary variable were highly statistically significantly in favour of sildenafil, as well as the results of the analyses of all the secondary efficacy variables. These findings support effectiveness of sildenafil. The adverse event profile of sildenafil in this study was consistent with the labeled adverse events for this product.
EN
This article aims at describing the evidence for the efficacy of communication. The author differentiates effectiveness and efficacy of communication, as well as communication per se and communication with each other. He argues that there can be no discussion about the efficacy of communication without establishing its effectiveness. A communication process can be ineffective either when there is no recipient of the communicate or when the message is not received due to, for example, a noise. Even though the effectiveness can be measured using a nominal scale, the efficacy requires at least an ordinal scale. The author bases his conclusions on the theory of communication models, intentionality and, proposed by him, “a constant species”.
EN
The work submitted herein aims to address the question of effectiveness of EU law. Effectiveness of that law is subject to an ongoing controversy, as there is no agreement in legal literature either on the legal status of effectiveness or its use by the Court of Justice of the European Union. The author undertakes to outline the grounding of effectiveness in EU law in relation to both written law and jurisprudence of the Court. The work assumes the use of the descriptive approach in the legal doctrine, specifically the explanatory non-normative legal doctrine by A.R. Mackor. In this manner, this paper elects to present descriptive statements with extensive use of the Court’s case law as a feature to establish the content of applicable law. This work takes account of the law and jurisprudence as they were on 11th of October 2015.
Human Affairs
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2012
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vol. 22
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issue 3
345-359
EN
The existing literature on political and civic participation has tended to neglect individuals’ judgements about the effectiveness of specific forms of participation, focusing instead on the role of internal, external and collective efficacy in driving levels of participation. The present study examined young people’s judgements of the effectiveness of specific forms of conventional, non-conventional and civic participation and the reasons which are given for these judgements. Fourteen focus groups were conducted with English, Bangladeshi and Congolese young people aged between 16 and 26 years old living in Greater London. The findings revealed differences in judgements of the effectiveness of action across ethnic groups, and differences in the specific reasons that are given for judgements of effectiveness as a function of ethnicity, gender and age. It is argued that greater attention needs to be paid to subgroups formed by the intersection of ethnicity, gender and age in order to understand young people’s participatory attitudes and behaviours.
EN
The objective of this paper was to analyze the socio-cultural and personal reasons pivotal to the openness of the conflicting parties to a dialogue in the framework of family mediation. In the quest to answer the question what factors can influence the development of the family mediation in Poland and its acceptance both by the society and the families in conflict, the author presented the results of international and Polish research on the efficacy of the family mediation process and the readiness of the parties to use the mediation in family conflicts. Two theoretical concepts characterizing the socio-cultural origins of resistance to mediation were analyzed in detail, namely that of the social resistance proposed by B. Mayer and that of the moral resistance by R. Benjamin. Moreover, the paper addressed the issue of the promotion of mediation together with the unrealistic expectations as to what can be achieved through mediation, mythologization of mediation and dilemma connected with the neutrality of the mediator. Finally, an integrated systemic approach to family mediation was proposed, which could enhance the chances of acceptance of the mediation by the parties in conflict. In essence it is proposed that the promotion of mediation should be exercised on three levels: (1) general societal level (to promote the winwin solutions in family conflicts), (2) level of specific educational activities for the conflicted parties (e.g. organization of pre-mediation consultative meetings), and (3) level of specific actions targeted at various professional groups (e.g. judges, lawyers, probation officer, employees of the family support centres, etc).
EN
The aim of the study was to assess the efficiency of selected fungicides in protecting the stem base of winter wheat against pathogenic fungi. The study was carried out on plots of winter wheat, variety Platin, in three growing seasons. Eight fungicides were applied to the plants at first node stage. Samples of wheat stems were collected at the stage of medium milk (grain content milky), and then the percentage of the stem bases infected by pathogens and the efficiency of the applied fungicides were assessed. In individual years of research, a variable intensity of the occurrence of diseases of the base of winter wheat stalk was observed. The presence of Fusarium spp. – fusarium stem rot, Rhizoctonia cerealis – sharp eyespot and Oculimacula spp. - eyespot, was recorded. The fungicides used in the experiment showed different effectiveness in controlling diseases of the wheat stem base.
PL
Celem badań była ocena skuteczności wybranych fungicydów w ochronie podstawy źdźbła pszenicy ozimej przed grzybami patogenicznymi. Badania przeprowadzono na poletkach z pszenicą ozimą odmiany Platin w trzech sezonach wegetacyjnych. Zastosowano osiem fungicydów, wykonując zabieg opryskiwania roślin w fazie pierwszego kolanka. Próbki źdźbeł roślin pobierano w fazie mlecznej dojrzałości ziarna, a następnie oceniano procent porażenia podstaw źdźbeł przez patogeny oraz skuteczność działania zastosowanych środków grzybobójczych. W poszczególnych latach badań zaobserwowano zmienne nasilenie występowania chorób podstawy źdźbła pszenicy ozimej. Stwierdzono obecność Fusarium spp. – sprawców fuzaryjnej zgorzeli podstawy źdźbła i korzeni, Oculimacula spp. – sprawców łamliwości źdźbła zbóż i traw oraz Rhizoctonia cerealis – sprawcy ostrej plamistości oczkowej. Zastosowane w badaniach fungicydy wykazały zróżnicowaną skuteczność w zwalczaniu chorób podstawy źdźbła pszenicy ozimej.
PL
Skuteczność psychologicznych interwencji jest badana według planu eksperymentalnego, w warunkach laboratoryjnych, aby uzyskać wysoką trafność wewnętrzną. Te badania cechują się niską trafnością zewnętrzną. Ruch promowania praktyki klinicznej opartej na dowodach naukowych wiąże się z oczekiwaniem, że interwencje, które uzyskały wsparcie empirycznie w warunkach laboratoryjnych, będą stosowane w warunkach naturalnych praktyki klinicznej. Tu pojawia się problem ich użyteczności. Dyskutowane są dwie metody badania użyteczności interwencji wspartych empirycznie w warunkach naturalnych praktyki klinicznej, oparte na porównaniu grup. Jako alternatywna metoda badania zarówno użyteczności interwencji wspartych empirycznie, jak i interwencji stosowanych rutynowo w praktyce klinicznej jest proponowana metoda oparta na badaniu indywidualnego przypadku.
EN
Empirically supported treatments are rigorously based on experimental research. Applicable implications of these treatments are limited due to low external validity. Naturalistic research is required to increase external validity. Two methodological strategies of clinical utility evaluation of such treatments in natural settings are discussed. A proposal for client-focused research as a means of providing a framework that could potentially be used by researchers and clinicians to evaluate the effects of treatment in routine clinical practice is presented.
EN
Objective. The methodology of a systematic review of studies verifying the efficacy of the intervention in the treatment of mental disorders helps to reduce bias by using explicit and rigorous methods for literature search and critical evaluation of previous studies. Up to now, no systematic review has been conducted on the efficacy of individual emotion focused therapy (EFT), despite the growing number of research findings examining the efficacy of EFT. The aim of this systematic review is therefore to evaluate the efficacy of an individual form of EFT in the treatment of mental problems and disorders. Method. In this study, the authors followed the PRISMA methodological manual. A systematic literature search was performed in the EBSCO, PubMed, and Web of Science databases. The analysis was focused on assessing the magnitude of the effect of pre-post therapeutic changes, the sustainability of change within follow-up, or comparing the effect of change with another psychotherapeutic approach by evaluating the statistical and material significance of changes (effect size). Results. The authors identified seven studies that used a (quasi) experimental method to investigate the efficacy of EFT. The results support the efficacy of EFT as well as the sustainability of change in the treatment of depression. There is preliminary support for the efficacy of EFT in the treatment of social anxiety, trauma, and eating disorders. So far, in the case of the above-mentioned disorders and difficulties, it is possible to consider EFT as probably effective. Limitations. Only studies written in English were selected in this systematic review. Case studies were not included.
CS
Cíl. Metodologie systematického přehledu studií ověřujících účinnost intervence při léčbě psychických poruch napomáhá redukci předpojatostí či zkreslení používáním explicitních a rigorózních metod pro vyhledávání literatury a kritickým hodnocením dosavadních studií. Doposud nebyla realizována systematická přehledová studie, která by se věnovala účinnosti individuální formy terapie zaměřené na emoce (EFT), a to navzdory rostoucímu počtu výzkumných zjištění zkoumajících účinnost EFT. Cílem tohoto systematického přehledu je proto zhodnotit účinnost individuální formy EFT při léčbě psychických poruch a potíží. Metoda. V této studii autoři postupovali dle metodologického manuálu PRISMA, včetně vyhledávání v databázích EBSCO, PubMed a Web of Science. Po odstranění duplicitních záznamů, posouzení abstraktů dvěma posuzovateli a poté i obsahu výzkumných studií dle kritérií pro začlenění/vyřazení studií analyzovali identifikované studie. Analýza byla zaměřena na posouzení velikosti efektu pre-post terapeutické změny, udržitelnost změny v rámci follow-up, případně porovnání efektu změny s jiným psychoterapeutickým přístupem zhodnocením statistické a praktické významnosti změn (effect size). Výsledky. Autoři identifikovali sedm studií, které využily (kvazi)experimentální metodu výzkumu účinnosti EFT. Výsledky podporu-jí účinnost EFT i udržitelnost změny při léčbě depresivity. Při léčbě sociální úzkosti, traumatu a poruch příjmu potravy existuje předběžná podpora účinnosti EFT. Zatím je tedy v případě těchto poruch a potíží možné považovat EFT za pravděpodobně účinnou. Limity. Do tohoto systematického přehledu byly vybrány pouze studie psané v anglickém jazyce, a naopak nebyly zařazeny případové studie.
EN
Among the ways to bridge the gap between the research communities and the industry, one of the best known are the Science and Technology Parks. The scope of the offered services, the scale of operations and their revenues vary considerably. The largest parks gather companies, whose revenues may reach billions of dollars. Achieving such success requires, from the park operators, much more than offering attractive prices for office space. Moreover, it requires well-coordinated activities, based on a long term vision, from the central governments. The paper presents an analysis of the factors determining the success or fiasco of science and technology parks, both in worldwide and Polish context.
PL
Wśród sprawdzonych na świecie sposobów zbudowania mostu między instytucjami naukowymi a przemysłem są parki naukowo-technologiczne. Skala ich funkcjonowania, zakres usług, osiągane przychody są bardzo zróżnicowane. Największe parki gromadzą firmy o przychodach idących w dziesiątki miliardów dolarów. Osiągnięcie takiego sukcesu wymaga od operatorów parku znacznie więcej niż atrakcyjnych warunków wynajmu powierzchni użytkowej. Co więcej, wymaga skoordynowanych, długofalowych działań na poziomie władz centralnych. Artykuł przedstawia próbę analizy czynników wpływających na sukces lub porażkę parków, zarówno w kontekście światowym jak polskim.
EN
Praxeology is the science of the efficiency of actions. Between these science and various sciences, including economics there is a connection. In the literature there are several versions of the definition of financial investments. Profitability is one of the important characteristics of financial investments of firms. There are various values of efficiency of action: the efficacy, advantageousness, economic profitability and other values, eg. preparation and rationality. These values of efficiency of action can be referenced to financial investments of firms. There exists relation between the profitability of financial investments of firms and the listed forms of efficiency of these investments.
Studia Gilsoniana
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2016
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vol. 5
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issue 4
633-647
EN
This article considers the essential connection between human nature and responsibility within the philosophical thought of Karol Wojtyla, focusing on his works The Acting Person and Love and Responsibility. The study begins by examining the freedom as characteristic of the human person according to the order of being, and then turns its attention to the authentic understanding of freedom precisely as freedom for the good. The freedom of the human person is finally considered as the foundation of responsibility.
PL
Artykuł ma charakter przeglądowy i dotyczy próby odpowiedzenia na pytanie, jak należy definiować sprawność łańcucha dostaw. Studia literatury przedmiotu wskazują na szerokie spektrum rozumienia i interpretowania przedmiotowego pojęcia, a zarazem na jego wielowymiarowość. Chaos, błędne tłumaczenia językowe, a niekiedy wykluczające się tezy w niektórych publikacjach, stanowiły przyczynek do powstania niniejszego artykułu. Podstawowym przedmiotem analiz była polska i zagraniczna literatura przedmiotu. Nie ma zgodności co do rozumienia pojęcia „sprawność”, dlatego istnieje potrzeba syntetycznego jego określenia. Celem artykułu jest zaproponowanie takiego ujęcia sprawności, które będzie odpowiednie względem funkcjonowania podmiotów w łańcuchów dostaw. Sprawność powinna cechować wrażliwość na ewoluujący rynek, zatem potrzebna jest orientacja na wyniki, sprowadzające się do oferowania wysokiej jakości produktów i profesjonalnej obsługi klienta, mierzonej jego satysfakcją. Ponadto, niezwykle istotny jest wynik finansowy przedsiębiorstwa, przesądzający o efektywności działań. Niezbędna staje się analiza kluczowych czynników, determinujących preferencje konsumentów, które w istotny sposób warunkują funkcjonowanie przedsiębiorstw. Niemniej sukcesu w radzeniu sobie podmiotów ekonomicznych z wyzwaniami rynkowymi nie można wyłącznie uzależniać od posiadania atrybutów sprawności.
EN
This article is of the review nature and addresses the question of how to define supply chain performance. Studies of the subject literature indicate a wide spectrum of understanding and interpretation of the concept and, at the same time, its multidimensional nature. Chaos, erroneous language translations, and sometimes inadvertent theses in some publications were a contribution to the creation of the article. The main subject of the analysis was Polish and foreign literature of the subject. There is no agreement as to the concept of “performance”, so there is a need for a synthetic definition of it. The aim of the article is to propose such an approach to performance that will be relevant to the functioning of the actors in the supply chains. Undoubtedly, performance should be sensitive to the evolving market, so it is necessary to focus on results, which are low-cost, high-quality products, and professional customer service measured by their satisfaction. Moreover, the financial result of the company, which determines the effectiveness of measures, is extremely important. It is essential to analyse the key factors that determine the consumers’ preferences which significantly affect the functioning of enterprises. However, success in dealing with the market challenges by economic operators cannot be solely dependent on the possession of attributes.
RU
Статья имеет обзорный характер и касается попытки ответить на вопрос, как следует определять четкость действия цепи поставок. Изучение летературы предмета указывает широкий спектр понимания и толкования предметного понятия, а заодно его многомерность. Хаос, ложные переводы с иностранных языков, а иногда взаимоисключающиеся тезисы в некоторых публикациях представляли собой повод для подготовки настоящей статьи. Основным предметом анализов была польская и зарубежная литература по предмету. Нет согласия в отношении понимания термина «четкость действия», потому существует необходимость в его синтетическом определении. Цель статьи– предложить какое выражение четкости действия, которое будет соответству- ющим по отношению к функционированию субъектов в цепи поставок. Четкость действия должна характеризоваться чувствительностью к эволюирующему рынку, следовательно, необходима ориентация на результаты, которые сводятся к предложению высококачественных продуктов и к профессиональному обслуживанию клиента, измеряемому его удовлетворенностью. Кроме того, необыкновенно существенным является финансовый результат пред- приятия, решающий вопрос эффективности мер. Необходимым становится анализ основных факторов, предопределяющих предпочтения потребителей, которые существенным образом обусловливают функционирование предприятий. Тем не менее успех в совладении экономических субъектов с рыночны- ми вызовами не может ставиться в зависимость исключительно от обладания атрибутами четкости действия.
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PL
Teoretycy prawa i polityki społecznej rozróżniają pojęcia skuteczności oraz wpływu praw i prawodawstw. Skuteczność dotyczy osiągania celów zamierzonych przez prawodawcę. Wpływ odnosi się do rzeczywistych konsekwencji. Niekiedy obie kategorie różnią się od siebie. Bywa, że dopiero po upływie długiego czasu wpływ zostaje doceniony. Kiedy indziej wpływ wymaga interwencji ze strony ustawodawcy czy działających rozmyślnie sędziów, tak aby skorygować nieprzewidziane bądź nieszczęśliwe skutki rozwiązania prawnego. Rozmiar sędziowskich interwencji nie zawsze jest oczywisty na podstawie zachowanych dokumentów. W artykule dowodzi się, że świadomość możliwości wystąpienia takiego zjawiska jest niezbędna, jeśli historia prawa ma przedstawiać całą prawdę na temat jego rozwoju.
EN
Theorists of law and of social policy distinguish between the efficacy and the impact of laws and legislation. Efficacy concerns the achievement of the effects intended by law-makers. Impact refers to the actual consequences. At times, the two diverge. Sometimes, it is only after a lengthy period that the impact is appreciated. The impact sometimes requires intervention by legislators or judges acting purposively in order to correct unforeseen or unfortunate consequences. The extent of judicial intervention is not always clear from the surviving records. This article argues that an awareness of the possibility of such occurrence is essential if legal history is to present the whole truth concerning legal developments.
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