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Evaluation of the safety of users of active implantable medical devices (AIMD) in the working environment in terms of exposure to electromagnetic fields – Practical approach to the requirements of European Directive 2013/35/EU

100%
Zradziński P., Karpowicz J., Gryz K., Leszko W.
International Journal of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Health
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2018
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vol. 31
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issue 6
795-808
EN
Objectives Electromagnetic fields (EMF) may cause malfunctions in electronic devices, in particular in active implantable medical devices (AIMD), along with discomfort or health hazards to users. The use of AIMD by workers is increasing (especially cardiac pacemakers, implantable cardioverter defibrillators and wearable insulin infusion pumps). Electromagnetic fields may be much stronger in the working environment than applied in basic immunity tests of AIMD (based on EN 60601- 1-2:2015 and EN 50527-1:2016). European Directive 2013/35/EU regarding the safety of workers exposed to EMF considered the AIMD users to be “workers at particular risk” who need an individual evaluation of EMF hazards. The study aimed at evaluating the safety of users of AIMD in medical and industrial working environments exposed to EMF Material and Methods Near the common sources of strong EMF applied in medical and industrial use, the “standard safety distances” (SSD) for AIMD users were evaluated (i.e., distances from the EMF source, where exposure drops below limits from Recommendation 1999/519/EC and AIMD safety may be expected). The analysis is based on the results of measurements of magnetic and electric field strengths near 127 typical devices, in their normal use. Results The longest electric field related SSD was identified near dielectric sealers (up to 180 cm), and the longest magnetic field related SSD – near induction heaters (up to 450 cm). Conclusions Electromagnetic fields related AIMD malfunctions need to be considered up to several meters from EMF sources. The “individual safety distance,” that is sufficient to ensure the safety of a particular AIMD user may be significantly different (usually shorter) from the presented SSD, but needs to be considered in the context of detailed safety data from the AIMD manufacturer (if available). The labelling indicating the location of the area of a strong EMF increases safety of AIMD users in the work environment. Int J Occup Med Environ Health 2018;31(6):795–808
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Wpływ miast i terenów zurbanizowanych na jakość pomiarów naturalnych pól magnetycznych

84%
Nieckarz Z.
Acta Geographica Lodziensia
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2016
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vol. 104
237-244
PL
W ostatnich dziesięcioleciach, dynamiczny rozwój miast i powiększanie się powierzchni terenów zurbanizowanych wymaga m.in. zwiększonych dostaw energii elektrycznej. W efekcie nastąpił wzrost natężenia promieniowania elektromagnetycznego we wszystkich pasmach częstotliwości. Tymczasem w wielu dziedzinach badań m. in. w astronomii, geofizyce, fizyce atmosfery, meteorologii wykonywane są obserwacje pól i fal elektromagnetycznych jako narzędzie badawcze. W pracy przedstawiono wpływ zakłóceń magnetycznych pochodzenia antropologicznego występujących w zakresie ekstremalnie niskich częstotliwości (poniżej 3000 Hz) na podstawie wyników pomiarów zgromadzonych przez stację Hylaty w latach 2004–2015. Przedstawiono także widma dynamiczne z odwzorowanymi w nich sygnaturami, których źródłem są naturalne zjawiska i procesy zachodzące w atmosferze, jonosferze i magnetosferze Ziemi. Przeanalizowano również zasięg przestrzenny negatywnego oddziaływania miast i terenów zurbanizowanych jako głównej przyczyny wzrostu poziomu zakłóceń elektromagnetycznych w paśmie ELF. W pracy wskazano potencjalnie czyste elektromagnetycznie obszary nadające się do zainstalowania nowych stacji pomiarowych w Polsce.
EN
An increase in electromagnetic radiation, across all frequency bands, has been one of multiple effects of the recent developments in the power supply to rapidly growing urban areas in Poland. This has impacted measurements in a range of scientific disciplines, such as astronomy, geophysics, physics of the atmosphere and meteorology, which use electromagnetic observations as research tools. The paper summarises a study on human-induced magnetic interference at extremely low frequencies, i.e. below 3000 Hz, using the records of the Hylaty station from the period 2004–2015. Also, dynamic electromagnetic spectra are presented with signatures of natural atmospheric, ionospheric and magnetospheric phenomena and processes. The author analysed the spatial extent of the adverse influence of urban areas as the principal cause of an increase of electromagnetic interference in the ELF band and identified potentially clean areas useful for the establishment of new measurement stations in Poland.
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