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Problem nisko opłacanych pracowników w Polsce na tle innych krajów gospodarki rynkowej

100%
Golnau W.
Annales. Etyka w Życiu Gospodarczym
|
2008
|
vol. 11
|
issue 1
EN
Research which has been carried out in countries with developed market economies indicates that since the 1980s there has been a systematic increase in wage inequality. As a result, low-wage employment has increased. In recent years, many academic institutions in developed countries have been conducting research into the scale, causes and consequences of low wages. Such research has not as yet been systematically carried out in Poland. This article aims to contribute to the research. Its objective is to establish the scale and causes of low-wage employment in Poland in the last sixteen years. The contents of the article are divided into three parts. The first part is devoted to the methodology of measuring low wages. The second part concerns the frequency of low wages in Poland and other countries with market economies. The third part of the article presents factors influencing the scale of the occurrence of low wages. According to the research, the number of people in low-wage employment in Poland systematically increased in the period from 1989 to 2004. In 2004 this number exceeded 22% of all working people. A similarly high percentage of low-wage employment is found only in Korea, Hungary, Great Britain, the USA and Canada.
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Gender inequality among employees in Kazakhstan

88%
Ryskaliyev D. U., Mirzaliyeva A., Tursynbayeva G., Muratova E. M., Buribayev Y. A., Khamzina Z. A.
The Lawyer Quarterly
|
2019
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vol. 9
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issue 4
319-332
EN
Gender discrimination remains an objective fact that accompanies the labor market in Kazakhstan. Employment, distribution of labor duties within the employees and imposition of new duties on the employee, above and beyond the stipulated labor contract, are accompanied by gender discrimination. Job advertisements include requirements for applicants’ gender; at interviews, female applicants are directly asked discriminatory questions about fulfillment of family duties, plans to create a family or have children. At the same time, there are no questions about the possibilities of combining work and family duties when hiring a man with family responsibilities. There are no female representatives in senior positions of top state institutions, as well as among top managers of enterprises in quasi-public and private sectors, with some rare exceptions, and among the leaders of the regions, the capital, the cities of republican significance there has never been a woman. However, from the point of view of legislation, in Kazakhstan there are no problems with gender inequality in general and there is no discrimination in labor relations. The article argues for the need to take measures in Kazakhstan’s society and the labor market towards achieving actual gender equality. Arguments in favor of enacting comprehensive anti-discrimination legislation aimed at combating direct and indirect discrimination, covering all prohibited grounds for discrimination, including gender identity, are presented. Recommendations have been developed to ensure full access of women to economic, social and cultural rights and their implementation in Kazakhstan.
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