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EN
Caspian region contains some of the largest undeveloped oil and gas reserves in the world. The energy field is vital to economic development and to the future geopolitical order of the region. The rivalry between different pipeline options will probably determine not only the pattern of foreign policy orientationand cooperation in the region but also the influence and position of regional and external players. The exploitation of energy resources and the future routes of pipelines from the oil and gas fields in the Caspian basin will also determine the role of the Caspian region in the contemporary international relations. Newly independent states in Central Asia and the Caucasus hoped their oil and gas resources would help them secure economic growth and political independence. The most important element of the European energy strategy is the need of diversification of the energy sources. The growing energy needs have given the European Union a  strong interest in developing ties with energy-‑producing states in the Caspian region to build necessary pipeline infrastructure.
PL
Artykuł nie zawiera abstraktu w języku polskim
EN
Poland has insufficient natural gas resources to satisfy its needs. That is why it has been dependent on the imports of that raw material. One of the challenges facing the Polish government is limiting Poland’s dependency on Russian gas. The objective of the paper is to present the directions of the Polish government’s energy security policy in terms of natural gas in the years of 2015-2018. Particular attention was paid to the assumptions and the implementation of the government’s gas policy in terms of the situation in the European Union gas market. An attempt was made to answer the question: To what extent have the assumptions of policy of the government of the Law and Justice party regarding Poland’s gas security been realized? In an attempt to answer the question so formulated, the following methods were used in the study: a decision-making method, formal-legal method, statistical and comparative methods. On the grounds of the conducted research, it needs to be concluded that after 2015, as a result of the government’s policy, the imports of natural gas from the east to Poland were reduced with a simultaneous diversification of the direction from which this raw material was delivered. The resignation from the deliveries of Russian gas to Poland after 2022 will be possible thanks to putting Baltic Pipe gas pipeline into operation and raising the flow capacity of Świnoujście LNG terminal. The implementation of these investments will have a positive impact on the improvement of Poland’s gas security. Failure to launch the investments and an increase of gas consumption in Poland will make it necessary to conclude a short-term Polish-Russian agreement for imports of that fuel to Poland.
EN
The essential aim of the article is the theoretical analysis of the normative basis of the Polish state policy in the field of energy security. The analysis begins with the presen-tation of the state policy and energy policy concepts. The author argues that in the Polish legal order the concept of energy policy is concentrated around the premise of energy security. The next part of the analysis deals with the issues of categories of the norms shaping and implementing of the energy security policy in the Polish legal order. This part of the considerations shows that the normative basis for the determination, implementation and verification of political actions taken by the public authorities in the field of energy security requires the use of specific normative structures. The analysis refers to the conception of ‘goal-oriented norms’. The norms of this kind set binding goals, directions and conditions for the actions of state authorities as well in the field of energy policy. The types of the acts which concretize the goal-oriented norms (e.g. task-oriented norms; directional and determinative norms; planning norms) in the discussed field of state policy are also discussed.
PL
Zapewnienie stabilnych i trwałych dostaw paliw kopalnych jest celem polityki bezpieczeństwa energetycznego Niemiec. Aby osiągnąć ten cel, Niemcy kierują się nie tylko rachunkiem ekonomicznym, lecz także podejmują działania w ramach polityki zagranicznej, intensyfikując dialog i kooperację z producentami, państwami leżącymi na szlakach tranzytowych tych surowców oraz konsumentami. Służą temu wizyty zagraniczne kanclerz federalnej i ministrów federalnych, uwzględnianie problemów energetycznych podczas konsultacji międzyrządowych, w ramach dwustronnych komisji i grup roboczych oraz bezpośrednie wsparcie udzielane niemieckim firmom zaangażowanym w projekty energetyczne za granicą. Rząd federalny angażuje się również w działania na rzecz bezpieczeństwa energetycznego w Unii Europejskiej, wspiera projekty międzynarodowych instytucji oraz pozainstytucjonalne formy współpracy w tym zakresie.
EN
The aim of German energy security policy is to assure stable and sustainable supply of fuels. In order to achieve this goal German authorities are driven not only by economic calculations but they also take action as part of foreign policy, intensifying dialogue and cooperation with producers, transit countries and final consumers. Visits of German chancellor and minister of foreign affairs, taking into account energy problems during intergovernmental consultations within the framework of bilateral commissions and working groups as well as direct support given to German corporations engaged in energy projects abroad – all of these serve to realizing this fundamental goal. The federal government commits itself to activities for energy security of the European Union, proactively supports different projecs of international institutions and non-institutional liaison in this field.
DE
Die Sicherstellung regelmäßiger Lieferungen von fossilen Energieträgern ist das erklärte Ziel der Energiesicherheitspolitik Deutschlands. Um dieses Ziel zu erreichen, werden in Deutschland nicht nur die Wirtschaftlichkeitsberechnung und die Umweltverträglichkeit berücksichtigt, sondern auch zahlreiche Maßnahmen im Rahmen der Außenpolitik vorgenommen, indem Dialog und Kooperation mit den Liefer-, Transit-, und Verbraucherländern intensiviert werden. Dazu dienen die Auslandsbesuche der Bundeskanzlerin und der Bundesminister, die Besprechung der Energieprobleme mit den jeweiligen Partnern auf der Ebene der Regierungen, in den bilateralen Kommissionen und Arbeitsgruppen, sowie direkte Unterstützung deutscher Firmen, die an den Energieprojekten im Ausland beteiligt sind. Die Bundesregierung engagiert sich ferner bei den Programmen für die Energiesicherheit in der Europäischen Union und fördert Projekte internationaler Institutionen sowie außerinstitutionelle Kooperationsformen in diesem Bereich.
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