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EN
The aim of the text is to discuss Karol Irzykowski’s concepts of “pałuba” and construction, which he proposed in Pałuba (1903), where he characterises a “constructional element” appealing to the theses of empirical criticism of Richard Avenarius and Ernst Mach. However, the question of the construction, understood first from the epistemological and psychological point of view, was present in the theses of Kant, Fichte and Schelling, and it became popularised thanks to neo-Kantianism and empirical criticism. The theses related to the construction were intensively discussed during the creation of Pałuba and Irzykowski’s subsequent works, in which the issue of construction also appears, considered as a cognitive schema, as the formal element confronted with the content, as the constructional aspect of the verbal and visual (film) communication. His later works concern the cultural construction which is also a formal construction, and they come into being at the same time that Cassirer’s books on the symbolic forms of culture were published. However, the question of construction is best presented in Pałuba, described with the phrase “constructional element”, which was opposed to a “pałuba” (“pałubic element”). Confronting the terms “pałuba”, i.e. natural, direct, presented to the human being, and “construction”, i.e. the world created by human beings, specific for us, Irzykowski defines human existence, he shows the regularities of human acts, cognition and feeling. At the same time, he captures the “natural” aspect of culture with the use of the term “pałuba”. It is that coexistence of the naturalness and the specifically human products within the world of culture — in the world which annexes the “natural”, bestows the senses and meanings on “pałuba” — that makes an “enculturation” possible, i.e. an introduction of the “wild” man into culture, teaching and adaptating to life in the cultural world, full of human senses and meanings. The text discusses the category of the “constructional element” and presents Irzykowski’s thoughts on the background of the hitherto existing concepts of construction, as well as in the context of his own anthropological, epistemological and cultural theses.
EN
Corrida de toros is a centuries-old Spanish tradition. For many years we have observed a significant increase in the number of activities criticizing the organization of such shows.Therefore, bullfights can be described as a difficult tradition. The article touches upon the issue of tauromachical schools in the context of research on difficult traditions and cultural conditions of their practice. In addition, the social consequences of bullgfight and the activities of schools for those who want to become toreros were analysed. Tauromachical schools operate in almost all regions of Spain, although most of them are in Andalusia and Castile-La Mancha. The programme of teaching in these schools must be compatible with the programmes of public (or private) schools carrying out their educational duties. Children and adolescents can enroll in such school with their parents’ consent. The participation of children and adolescents in practical activities is very controversial: fighting young bulls or heifers, injuring them and killing them. Research conducted on children experiencing the view of the corrida de toros does not bring a clear assessment that it has a negative impact on their mental health. However, opponents of tauromachy in the discourse of corrida de toros are citing this type of argumentation.
PL
Corrida de toros jest wielowiekową hiszpańską tradycją. Od wielu lat obserwujemy wyraźne zwiększenie się liczby działań krytykujących organizowanie takich widowisk. Można zatem określić tauromachię terminem trudnej tradycji. Artykuł porusza problematykę szkół tauromachicznych w kontekście badania trudnych tradycji oraz kulturowych uwarunkowań ich praktykowania. Ponadto analizie zostały poddane społeczne konsekwencje tauromachii oraz działania szkół dla chcących zostać torerami. Szkoły tauromachiczne funkcjonują w niemal wszystkich regionach Hiszpanii, chociaż najwięcej jest ich w Andaluzji i Kastylii La Manczy. Program nauczania w tych placówkach musi być kompatybilny z programami w szkołach publicznych (lub prywatnych) realizujących obowiązek edukacyjny. Dzieci i młodzież (niepełnoletnia) mogą się zapisać do takiej szkoły za zgodą rodziców. Ogromne kontrowersje budzi przede wszystkim udział dzieci i młodzieży w zajęciach praktycznych: walka z młodymi bykami lub jałówkami, ranienie ich i zabijanie. Badania prowadzone na dzieciach doświadczających widoku corridy de toros nie przynoszą jednoznacznej oceny, iż ma to negatywny wpływ na ich zdrowie psychiczne. Jednakże przeciwnicy tauromachii w dyskursie wokół corridy powołują się właśnie na tego typu argumentację.
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