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The concept of the language as an instrument for children, that leads to their mutual understanding in the classes 1–3, depends on the comprehensive educators approach to the relations between linguistics and the philosophy of language, developmental psychology, sociology of culture, and the history of the Polish society. The child’s undertaking of the school education imposes on the teacher the obligation to accompany it not only in mastering the elementary knowledge of the native language’s grammar system, but also in creating situations that overcome students fear of making difficult decisions when solving interesting tasks. When using the functions of the language: fatic, communicative, informational, expressive or meta-linguistic, pupils go through the several stages from the incorrect speech to correct speech, and they master the elementary structure of the reading texts intended for the little recipients. The described process would be strengthened depending on the pupil’s social background, and conditioned culturally and environmentally. This in turn affects the perception of the poetic language function and aesthetic attitude towards art.
EN
Lake-dwellings in the northern Alpine region are renowned for their extraordinary organic preservation. In addition to organic remains, thousands of ceramic sherds are also recovered. This paper addresses ceramic sherds from the Late Bronze Age site Zürich-Alpenquai, and assesses over 2000 sherds for indications of erosion and abrasion in addition to quantifying sherd size and plotting the spatial distribution of these factors. Recording such wear patterns can provide indications of deposition practices in addition to environmental conditions pre- and post-deposition. In this manner the study of ceramic remains from wetland sites for abrasion can complement environmental studies addressing conditions at the time of artefact deposition, and contribute to discussions of influences for lake-settlement abandonment.
EN
The article presents current results of the archaeobotanical investigation of materials from the cultural layers that represent the late medieval Puck. Based on them, an interesting picture of a small town emerges, which intensively developed after achieving its municipal status. This is evidenced not only by historical data and archaeological finds, but also by a significant proportion of synanthropic plants, including those typical of ruderal habitats. It can be assumed that the degree of transformation of separate parts of the town was not identical, and the local authorities tried to keep the most representative part of Puck, which was the market square, tidy. The presence of segetal weeds can be explained by importing agricultural products to Puck, which indirectly indicates the use of cereals as an article of trade and/or diet. The swamps in the surrounding of the town were transformed over time into various types of meadows and pastures, which constituted a source of fodder or other materials used within the parcels. Remains of consumption plants indicate the significant role of local products, through which the diet of Puck residents seems to have been characteristic of a moderately prosperous society. However, traces of figs, preserved in surprisingly large quantities, are proof of the import of exotic products to town. Only part of the inhabitants could have had access to them. In the case of parcels 123, 156, or 168, it can be assumed that their owners constituted a richer group having contacts, e.g. with Gdańsk.
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