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1

Criminological Characteristics of Organized Environmental Crime in the Russian Federation

100%

Vladimirovna Rednikova T.

Internal Security

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2018

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vol. 10(2)

97-106

EN

Throughout the world, modern environmental crime is characterized by the emergence of new forms of criminal behavior, improving ways of committing crimes and steadily increasing participation of organized criminal groups and communities in their commission. Nowadays, organized environmental crime along with environmental terrorism constitute a significant security threat. The distinctive features of organized environmental crime include: longevity and stability of a criminal organization, which in most cases effectively manages a complex of criminal activities from the organizational and economic point of view, and also has the ability to minimize the risks arising in this connection, long-term planning of activities, involving individuals and commercial structures, building criminal networks. Another characteristic feature is its focus on the market (including the illegal one). The organized groups often engage in criminal activities in various areas, committing environmental and economic and other types of crimes, while the corruption component is an integral feature of them. Organized transnational environmental crime carries out its activities in such key areas as illegal trade in rare and endangered species of wild fauna and flora and their derivatives, illegal logging and trade in illegal timber, illegal turnover of waste including illegal transportation, storage, discharge and burial, transboundary movement of hazardous waste, illegal fishing. Law enforcement and law enforcement agencies of various states pooling their efforts to curb ecologically criminal behavior, neutralizing all stages of the crime: planning, illegal extraction of resources, transportation, marketing, laundering of proceeds from crime play an important role in combating organized environmental crime. Eliminating the economic basis of the activities of criminal groups, reducing their profitability, is the key to success in combating it. Improvement of international legislation for development will create an integrated system of measures to counteract organized environmental crime at the level of individual states and ensure unification of national legislative systems in terms of terminology, compositions, and sanctions applied for the commission of environmental crimes by organized groups.

2

Ecological and Judicial Expertise in Criminal Proceedings Against the Environment in Russia

88%

Solodov I.

Internal Security

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2019

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vol. 11(2)

75-83

EN

Environmental expertise plays a special role in the course of the investigation of environmental crimes. Its main task is to recreate the mechanism of the incident, established the causation link, as well as determine the scale the negative impact on the environment and the measures to restore its original state. The author discusses the current practice of the environmental expertise in the Russian Federation. In Russia the experts from the state or private laboratories can be appointed to assist the investigator and the court in performing their tasks. The problem is that there is no commonly accepted expert methodology in a case of environmental offences. While the state experts can be expected to apply the standardised methodology approved by the Russian Centre of Forensic Expertise in Moscow, their colleges from the private sector are free to use any methods they consider as appropriate depending on the circumstances of the case. Unfortunately, in Russia, as well as in Poland, there are no effective control mechanisms to ensure that the methods applied and the data used by the experts are scientifically valid. It means that the obtained results are no always reliable and accurate. Another problem referred to the difficulties of the damage assessment in such cases. The dynamics of the environment, the complicity of the relations between its elements makes it extremely hard to assess the scale of the negative impact, as well as to establish the causation link between the human’s actions or negligence and observed changes.

3

Organisms and Environments as Combined Systems

88%

Gagliasso E.

Academicus. International Scientific Journal

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2019

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issue 20

119-127

EN

The present paper aims at exploring the relation between organisms (Life) and environments (Earth), and at showing that nowadays we need new conceptual categories to account for such a relation. Over the last thirty years, indeed, the boundaries of what is meant by “environment” and “organisms” have been transformed, and, more precisely, “Earth” and “Life” must be grasped as a “combined system”. But this dynamic, which does not keep separate the organisms from their life-worlds, it is widely present also at the political and cultural level. So, what is well-known on a scientific level, i.e. that it is the life itself which produces the environment and, at the same time, is subjected to the effects of its modifications on the environment, has to be investigated also at the practical level. Here, a sample of such an investigation will be offered through the analysis of the common mediator of the relationship between Life and Earth, i.e. that metabolic exchange between external and internal bodies that consists of “Food”. Then, some reflections on the current forms of the relationship between environment and “Crime” will be provided and some open questions on the recent concept of “environmental crime” will be raised.

4

Prawnokarne aspekty przemytu fauny i flory w świetle międzynarodowego i polskiego ustawodawstwa

88%

Polak-Hawranek D.

Państwo i Społeczeństwo

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2014

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issue 4

25-37

EN

This paper presents issues relating to the protection of species of wild fauna. The author discusser the acts of international law as well as the provision of Polish regulations concerning transport of animals under the protection. Mainly refers to Washington Convention, regulations of European Union and the Polish act of Nature Conservation. Author emphasize the need to share of the knowledge discussed in the article.

5

Historia regulacji legislacyjnych ograniczających przestępczość ekologiczną w Polsce

87%

Albińska E.

Biuletyn Kryminologiczny

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2016

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issue 23

110-127

PL

W prezentowanym artykule podjęto kwestię przestępczości ekologicznej w Polsce na płaszczyźnie historycznej. Uwzględniono w nim aspekty prawne działań wymuszających przestrzeganie norm i prawa ochrony środowiska. Artykuł odnosi się do wymienionych zakresów regulacji legislacyjnych chroniących środowisko w okresie od X w. aż do czasów współczesnych. In this article the issue of environmental crime in Poland will be taken on the level of historical. Legal aspects of activity to standard observance and compliance with environmental requirements will be taken into account. This article will refer to these ranges of environmental legal regulations in the time from X century to the contemporaneity.

EN

In this article the issue of environmental crime in Poland will be taken on the level of historical. Legal aspects of activity to standard observance and compliance with environmental requirements will be taken into account. This article will refer to these ranges of environmental legal regulations in the time from X century to the contemporaneity.

6

European approach to combat environmental crime: legal and institutional aspects

75%

Klimek L.

Data a výzkum - SDA Info (Data and Research - SDA Info)

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2023

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vol. 13

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issue 1

57-77

EN

The paper deals with European legal approach to combat environmental crime. It is divided into three sections. The first section analyses its legal framework, namely the Convention on the Protection of Environment through Criminal Law of 1998, the Directive 2008/99/EC on the protection of the environment through criminal law and the Directive 2005/35/EC on ship-source pollution and on the introduction of penalties for infringements. The second section is focused on crimes and sanctions as defined by mentioned documents. The last third section briefly introduces European networks and agencies combating environmental crime, namely the European Network against Environmental Crime and the European Maritime Safety Agency.

7

The participation of environmental NGOs in (Austrian) criminal proceedings in the light of Art. 9 (3) Aarhus Convention

63%

Schalk-Unger L.

Opolskie Studia Administracyjno-Prawne

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2022

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issue 1

212-236

PL

Jednym z trzech głównych filarów Konwencji z Aarhaus jest zapewnienie obywatelom dostępu do wymiaru sprawiedliwości. Nie oznacza to jedynie zapewnienia dostępu do postepowania administracyjnego, lecz także do postępowania karnego w przypadkach przestępstw przeciw środowisku. Szczególnymi członkami społeczeństwa zainteresowanymi ochroną środowiska są organizacje pozarządowe. W niektórych krajach europejskich organizacje takie odgrywają czynną rolę w postepowaniach karnych, jednakże w wielu przypadkach są spychane na margines. Niniejsza praca opisuje implikacje i wymagania związane z art. 9 (3) Konwencji z Aarhaus dotyczące kwestii dostępu do postępowania karnego, analizuje istniejące sposoby uczestnictwa organizacji pozarządowych w postępowaniach karnych w Austrii oraz przedstawia sposoby, w jakie prawo karne procesowe może być reformowane dla spełnienia wymagań Konwencji z Aarhaus. Celem ostatecznym jest doprowadzenie do stanu, w którym ściganie przestępstw przeciwko środowisku będzie najbardziej skuteczne.

EN

One of the three main pillars of the Aarhus Convention is access to justice for members of the public. Access to justice can not only be provided for in administrative proceedings but also via criminal proceedings in cases of environmental crime. Members of the public with an interest in environmental protection are especially environmental NGOs. In some European countries NGOs play an active role in criminal proceedings, however in many cases they are banished to the sidelines. This article describes the implications and requirements of Art. 9 (3) of the Aarhus Convention for access to justice via criminal proceedings, analyzes the existing ways for environmental NGOs to participate in Austrian criminal proceedings and presents ways in which criminal procedure law can be reformed to meet the requirements of the Aarhus Convention. The end goal is to make the prosecution of environmental crime as effective as possible.

8

Environment protection in the legal system of Albania: The current situation in Albania on combating environmental crimes and the new reform directions

63%

Selimi S., Zaganjori X.

Academicus. International Scientific Journal

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2016

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issue 14

28-41

EN

The scope of this article is twofold, on one hand; it makes an analysis of the current situation of the environment protection through the criminal law in the Albania, by proving a legal landscape on the current criminal conducts as are foreseen by the Criminal Code of Albania. It starts with an introduction which aims to highlight the status play of the increased attention that is being shown for the environmental protection in the global arena. Then it makes an assessment on the definition of the environmental harm, and the technical-legal approaches utilised for the protection of the environment. After that, this article makes a description of the legal concept of environment in Albania and analyses the existing criminal offences as they are foreseen by the Criminal Code. On the other hand, the article makes a preliminary assessment of the new coming reform on the environmental crime in Albania, by trying to identify the problematic issues and their address by the draft-law. The conclusions reached at the end shows the evolution of the concept of environment and its protection, welcomes the new reform by noting the need of the judicial authorities to be trained in order to be fully implemented.

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2 Academicus. International Scientific Journal

2 Internal Security

1 Biuletyn Kryminologiczny

1 Data a výzkum - SDA Info (Data and Research - SDA Info)

1 Opolskie Studia Administracyjno-Prawne

1 Państwo i Społeczeństwo

1 Albińska E.

1 Gagliasso E.

1 Klimek L.

1 Polak-Hawranek D.

1 Schalk-Unger L.

1 Selimi S.

1 Solodov I.

1 Vladimirovna Rednikova T.

1 Zaganjori X.

1 2023

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1 2020

2 2019

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