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EN
The purpose of this paper is to present the views of Isocrates on human excellence as a result of the educational process. The author examines some passages in Isocrates’ speeches, in which the well formed human virtue seems to be changeable and still dependent on the pupils’ social position. Apart from the fact that this virtue occurs as a faculty of seizing each opportunity to speak in a relevant way, it also appears to be once a kind of patience in bearing any success as well as any misfortune in the same manner, and, at other times, it presents itself as a type of activity of the mind, which seeks the best solutions to different problems of the State. It is argued that in the view of Isocrates, despite some relevancy in his model of human excellence, which must be adapted to the future social tasks of each of his pupils, human perfection always entails three most important values. Apart from speaking well at the right time and living agreeably with other people, this perfection is based, to a large extent, on some form of seriousness and a gravity of the mind, which remains totally independent of any opportunities of time.
EN
This article is an attempt to determine Jan Chachot’s role in 19th century children’s literature. Our main focus is placed on his almost unknown collection Novels for young girls, that consists of four novels: Sventochna, or Gratitude, Bogna and Lubomyra, or Arrogance and Modesty, Ludgarda, or the Useful travel, Dobrochna, or Charity always memorable. Their main characters are clever, beautiful, industrious, well-educated girls, who are veritable models of piety, charity and chastity. The basic theme of novels is the girl girls’world, related to their role in the family and society. Jan Chachot used the experience of his predecessors, adopting some of their ideas. As opposed to previous epochs, where the role of women was limited to their domestic duties and unqualified work, and female education was considered unnecessary and even harmful, Jan Chachot emphasizes that they can not only serve their family, but also be useful to society.
PL
Artykuł poświęcony jest określeniu roli Jana Czeczota w literaturze dla dzieci XIX wieku. Główna uwaga zostaje skierowana na niezbadane dzieło Powiastki dla młodych dziewcząt naśladowane z dzieła Pani de Sęt (De Saintes, Delassemens de ma fille, 2 volumes ), które obejmuje cztery utwory: Świętochna albo Wdzięczność, Bogna i Lubomira albo Duma i Skromność”, Luidgarda albo Podróż pożyteczna, Dobrochna albo Dobrodziejstwo zawsze pamiętnie. Ich bohaterki to inteligentne, piękne, pracowite, wykształcone dziewczyny, które są prawdziwymi wzorcami pobożności, miłości i czystości. Tematem przewodnim dzieła są doświadczenia i zainteresowania dziewcząt, związane z kwestią określania miejsca i roli w rodzinie i społeczeństwie. Jan Czeczot wykorzystał doświadczenia swoich poprzedników, zapożyczając od nich konflikty fabularne i pewne idee. W przeciwieństwie do poprzednich epok, w których rola kobiety była ograniczona obowiązkami rodzinnymi i pracą nisko wykwalifikowaną, a wykształcenie kobiet uważano za zbędne, a nawet szkodliwe, Jan Czeczot podkreśla, że kobiety mogą służyć nie tylko rodzinie, ale także przynosić pożytek społeczeństwu.
BE
Артыкул прысвечаны вызначэнню ролі Яна Чачота ў дзіцячай літаратуры ХІХ стагоддзя. Асноўная ўвага была звернута на амаль недаследаваны зборнік Аповесці для маладых дзяўчат, які складаецца з чатырох твораў: Свянтохна, або Удзячнасць, Богна і Любаміра, або Пыха і Сціпласць, Людгарда, або Карыснае падарожжа, Даброхна, або Дабрачыннасць заўсёды памятная. Іх галоўныя гераіні – разумныя, прыгожыя, працавітыя, адукаваныя дзяўчаты, якія з’яўляюцца сапраўдным узорам набожнасці, дабрачыннасці і цноты. Асноўная тэма твораў – свет дзявочых перажыванняў і інтарэсаў, звязаных з праблемай вызначэння месца і ролі ў сям’і і грамадстве. Я. Чачот выкарыстоўваў досвед сваіх папярэднікаў, запазычаючы ў іх сюжэтныя калізіі і некаторыя ідэі. У адрозненне ад папярэдніх эпох, дзе роля жанчыны (асабліва з ніжэйшых слаёў) абмяжоўвалася сямейнымі абавязкамі і нізкакваліфікаванай працай, а жаночая адукацыя лічылася непатрэбнай і нават шкоднай, Я. Чачот падкрэслівае, што дзяўчаты могуць не толькі служыць сям’і, але і прыносіць карысць грамадству.
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