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1

Awareness of conflict of interest as an academic standard of ethics

100%

Lewicka-Strzałecka A.

Annales. Etyka w Życiu Gospodarczym

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2018

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vol. 21

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issue 6

7-16

EN

The paper shows that conflicts of interest in science undermine its ethos. Some examples of this phenomenon have been analysed from the point of view of its destructive consequences. The need to counter them has also been identified in our country and some legal regulations and self-regulation are gradually being introduced. However, they are not always respected in practice. In the last part of the paper, a model of management of risk of bias in scientific research has been outlined. The main thesis says that an awareness of conflict of interest embracing both knowledge of the general issues and relevant assessment of the personal risk of lack of objectivism should be an ethical minimum of every scientific worker.

2

Mertonov model étosu vedy, jeho kritika a možné využitie:

75%

Slovinský B.

Filosofický časopis (Philosophical Journal)

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2020

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vol. 68

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issue 4

517-533

EN

Merton’s concept of the ethos of science, which is one of the more significant contributions to the study of science, was long of only peripheral interest to the philosophy of science, or rather was completely ignored. But in recent decades there has been a noticeable revival of interest in Merton’s normative imperatives, partly in connection with the so-called social turn in the philosophy of science, i.e. turning attention to the social dimensions of science, and partly in connection with the formation of a special area in the ethics of science. The study is divided into three parts. The first part is devoted to a description of Merton’s model, while on the basis of the problems outlined in it he draws attention to four problem areas, the description and analysis of which can prepare a space for the “revitalization” of the ethos model. The second part addresses some of the arguments made by critics of the ethos model, polemicizing with and endeavoring to answer them. The third part, proceeding from the conclusions of the first two parts, tries to indicate the possibilities of using the ethos model for reflections about the issue of the place of values and norms in science, the problem of responsibility and the question of the autonomy of science.

3

Świadomość konfliktu interesów jako akademicki standard etyczny

75%

Lewicka-Strzałecka A.

Annales. Etyka w Życiu Gospodarczym

|

2017

|

vol. 20

|

issue 1

7-16

EN

The paper shows that conflicts of interest in science undermine its ethos. Some examples of this phenomenon have been analysed from the point of view of its destructive consequences. The need to counter them has also been identified in our country and some legal regulations and self-regulations are gradually being introduced. However, they are not always respected in practice. In the last part of the paper a model of management of risk of bias in scientific research has been outlined. The main thesis says that an awareness of conflict of interest embracing both knowledge of the general issues and relevant assessment of personal risk of lack of objectivism should be an ethical minimum of every scientific worker.

PL

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4

Ethos of science and the approach to promotion in science

51%

Feldy M.

Marketing Instytucji Naukowych i Badawczych

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2018

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issue 2(28)

67-98

EN

What counts the most in the world of science is the quality of research work. A scientist whose work is scientifically perfect can gain recognition and become an authority in his field. To achieve full success a researcher has to take efficient measures in the area of personal marketing. The goal of this activity is creating and maintaining the desired attitudes and/or behaviours towards a scientist and building a positive own scientific image. However, a scientist engaging in self-promotion may attract the odium of the academic community. That’s why what determines activity in this area is how a researcher perceives the significance of activities from the field of personal marketing for achieving success in science. The approach to this subject may differ according to the system of values and norms regarded as binding for the people of science. The goal of the article is investigating the differences in the perception of activities from the area of personal marketing occurring among scientists identifying themselves with different scientific ethoses. In order to achieve the adopted goal two research scales were used to divide the investigated community of scientists into four groups. Three out of these four groups followed either academic, industrial, or post-academic ethos of science and members of the fourth group didn’t identify themselves with any of the mentioned systems of values. In groups defined this way the perception of the significance of three potential success factors in science was investigated: popularization of research results, recognisability in the scientific community and recognisability outside the scientific community. The analyses were carried out on the basis of data obtained from 800 scientists who participated in the nation-wide survey conducted by means of the CAPI method by National Information Processing Institute at the end of 2015 and the beginning of 2016. According to the scientists who took part in the survey, it is necessary to pay most attention to the popularization of research results and the least attention to activities giving recognisability outside the scientific community. Researchers who follow the post-academic ethos of science, which is based on the values of both academic and industrial science, attach comparably high importance to all three analysed aspects of self-promotion. At the other end of the spectrum there are scientists identifying themselves with Merton’s ethos of academic science. They regard the significance of building recognisability in the non-scientific community as particularly low. At the same time the representatives of Ziman’s values of industrial science, as intuition suggests, less than other groups appreciate the will to achieve recognisability in the scientific community. Thus, we can risk the statement that scientists appreciating the ethos of post-academic science display the highest marketing awareness and the representatives of the ethos of academic science display the lowest marketing awareness.

PL

W świecie nauki najbardziej liczy się jakość prowadzonych badań. Naukowiec, którego praca jest doskonała naukowo ma szansę zdobyć uznanie i stać się autorytetem w swojej dziedzinie. Warunkiem osiągnięcia pełnego sukcesu jest podejmowanie przez badacza skutecznych działań z zakresu marketingu osobistego. Celem tych działań jest wykreowanie i utrzymanie pożądanych postaw i/lub zachowań innych wobec naukowca oraz zbudowanie pozytywnego własnego wizerunku naukowego. Naukowiec angażujący się w autopromocję może jednak ściągnąć na siebie odium środowiska akademickiego. Stąd też o aktywności na tym polu decyduje postrzeganie przez badacza znaczenia działań z zakresu marketingu osobistego dla osiągnięcia sukcesu w nauce. Podejście do tego tematu może zaś różnić się w zależności od systemu wartości i norm uznawanych za obowiązujące ludzi nauki. Celem artykułu jest zbadanie różnic w postrzeganiu istotności działań z zakresu marketingu osobistego występujących między naukowcami utożsamiającymi się z odmiennymi etosami nauki. Aby zrealizować postawiony cel, zbudowano dwie skale badawcze, które pozwoliły podzielić badaną zbiorowość naukowców na cztery grupy. Trzy spośród tych grup wyznawały odpowiednio etos nauki: akademickiej, przemysłowej i postakademickiej, a czwarta – nie utożsamiała się z żadnym z powyższych systemów wartości. W tak zdefiniowanych zbiorowościach badano postrzeganie znaczenia trzech potencjalnych czynników sukcesu w nauce: popularyzacji wyników badań, rozpoznawalności w środowisku naukowym i rozpoznawalności poza środowiskiem naukowym. Analizy przeprowadzono na danych pozyskanych od 800 naukowców, którzy wzięli udział w ogólnopolskim badaniu zrealizowanym metodą CAPI przez Ośrodek Przetwarzania Informacji – Państwowy Instytut Badawczy na przełomie 2015 i 2016 roku. Według naukowców, ankietowanych w sondażu, najwięcej uwagi należy przykładać do popularyzowania wyników badań, a najmniej – do działań zapewniających rozpoznawalność poza środowiskiem naukowym. Stosunkowo duże znaczenie do wszystkich trzech analizowanych aspektów autopromocji przywiązują badacze, którym bliski jest etos nauki postakademickiej, czerpiący zarówno z wartości nauki akademickiej, jak i przemysłowej. Na przeciwległym biegunie znajdują się zaś naukowcy utożsamiający się z etosem nauki akademickiej Mertona. Szczególnie nisko oceniają oni znaczenie budowania rozpoznawalności w środowisku pozanaukowym. Z kolei reprezentanci wartości nauki przemysłowej Zimana, zgodnie z intuicją, niżej niż inne grupy cenią zabieganie o rozpoznawalność w środowisku naukowym. Można więc zaryzykować stwierdzenie, że największą świadomość marketingową prezentują naukowcy uznający etos nauki postakademickiej, a najmniejszą – przedstawiciele etosu nauki akademickiej.

5

A Weberian Approach to the Ethos of Science

51%

Bourliaguet B.

Teorie vědy (Theory of Science)

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2016

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vol. 38

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issue 1

113-128

EN

Robert Merton judged his ethos of science as "a limited introduction to a larger problem" in his seminal article. Despite this caution, the ethos has been interpreted, used and criticized as a self-consistent normative structure. As such, critics consider the ethos of science too rudimentary, obsolete or ideological. To overcome these critics, some supporters of the concept propose to revisit or to reconstruct it. This essay is an attempt to satisfy critics and supporters while respecting Merton's legacy. For that purpose, we consider a Weberian paradigm to expand this "limited introduction".

CS

Robert Merton ve svém zásadním článku považoval svoje pojetí étosu vědy za "omezený úvod většího problému". I přes toto varování byl étos interpretován, používán a kritizován jako sama o sobě konzistentní normativní struktur. Jako takový jej kritici považují za příliš rudimentární, zastaralý či ideologický. Aby tyto kritiky překonali, zastánci tohoto konceptu prosazují návrat k němu, nebo jeho rekonstrukci. Tato esej představuje snahu uspokojit kritiky i zastánce, zatímco respektuje Mertonův odkaz. Za tímto účelem promýšlíme weberovské paradigma, aby byl tento "omezený úvod" rozšířen.

6

Norms of the Ethos of Science and the Ecological Realities of Research Work

51%

Goćkowski J.

Roczniki Nauk Społecznych

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2005

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vol. 33

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issue 1

5-23

EN

Scientists’ professional work is a style of using the freedom of receiving and transmitting the word because of striving after the truth typical of the ‘scientific perspective of the world’. The use of such freedom is revealed by the researcher’s definition of himself: he is the one who has the duty of joining criticism with conceptualism; objectivity with rationalism; ‘disobedience in thinking’ with being careful about ‘sovereignty of the thought’; taking care of the functioning of a lot of ‘research programs’ that compete with each other with care of polyphony in scientific discussions. The characteristic of the style of research work is combined with the characteristic of the scientist as an actor playing social roles in the professional circle. The scientist uses the freedom that he needs as a professional-specialist doing his work within the frames of a special kind of institution. Taking into consideration the existence of ‘the Great Science’ and ‘a mass man in science’, we are dealing here with conformation of the scientist as one who wants to use this kind of freedom. We are talking here about the difficulty of exacting respect for the norms of the ethos of science from scientists. This is connected with constant conflicts in the circle of scientists that originate from different ways of understanding and treating those norms. Ecological realities of the scientific work only to some extent favor practicing the profession of the scientist in the proper way. In many respects those realities seriously hinder the proper use of the freedom to receive and transmit the word because of the truth of the scientific type. The realities of the order of scientific search and consideration; the realities of the scientists’ circle; the realities of the world surrounding the scientists’ circle along with its institutions are all significant here. Hence it is important, in our present time, to be faithful to the fundamental dictates to think and to act, which concerns those who make the search for the scientific truth their profession and their vocation.

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2 Annales. Etyka w Życiu Gospodarczym

1 Filosofický časopis (Philosophical Journal)

1 Marketing Instytucji Naukowych i Badawczych

1 Roczniki Nauk Społecznych

1 Teorie vědy (Theory of Science)

2 Lewicka-Strzałecka A.

1 Bourliaguet B.

1 Feldy M.

1 Goćkowski J.

1 Slovinský B.

1 2020

2 2018

1 2017

1 2016

1 2005

Awareness of conflict of interest as an academic standard of ethics

Mertonov model étosu vedy, jeho kritika a možné využitie:

Świadomość konfliktu interesów jako akademicki standard etyczny

Ethos of science and the approach to promotion in science

A Weberian Approach to the Ethos of Science

Norms of the Ethos of Science and the Ecological Realities of Research Work