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PL
Artykuł prezentuje analizę badań pilotażowych przeprowadzonych w październiku 2018 roku w Puszczy Augustowskiej. Celem pilotażu było „wejście w teren” oraz zebranie materiału empirycznego poprzez przeprowadzenie etnograficznych badań terenowych. Podczas kilkudniowego pobytu miałam możliwość uczestniczenia w warsztatach bartniczych. Efektem wyjazdu terenowego jest pozyskany materiał źródłowy, dokumentacja fotograficzna oraz filmowa, dziennik badań terenowych, wywiady nieustrukturyzowane. Niniejszy artykuł ma na celu analizę zebranego materiału badawczego oraz refleksję nad metodologią etnograficznych penetracji terenowych. Zwraca również uwagę na metody i techniki badawcze, które sprawdziły się w terenie oraz takie, które nie przyczyniły się do osiągnięcia oczekiwanych rezultatów. W artykule przedstawiona jest też analiza związków metodologii z tematem i problematyką prowadzonych badań etnograficznych.
EN
The article presents the historical activity, specificity and thematic scope of research conducted by faculty members and students, with particular focus on postdoctoral (habilitation), doctoral and master theses that were written on the subject of folk religiosity at the Department of Religious Studies and Missiology of John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin. In order to explain their methodology and the method of analysis of the collected source material deriving from ethnographic field studies into social and spiritual folk culture, the article presents the main themes of the examined annual rituals (Advent, Christmas, Lent, Easter) and the rites of passage (wedding, funeral). Many articles on folk rituals and religiosity have been published in journals and scientific monographs.
PL
Artykuł prezentuje działalność, specyfikę i tematykę badań Katedry Religiologii i Misjologii nad religijnością ludową. Zarówno pracownicy naukowi, jak i studenci mogą poszczycić się znacznymi osiągnięciami w tym zakresie, o czym świadczą prace dyplomowe powstałe w Katedrze. W przypadku pracowników naukowych uwidacznia się to w obecności na konferencjach naukowych, gdzie wygłaszano referaty, które następnie ukazywały się w formie zbiorowych publikacji. Wiele artykułów z zakresu obrzędowości i religijności ludowej zostało opublikowanych w czasopismach i monografiach naukowych. W pracach zwraca się także uwagę na przemiany, jakie nastąpiły w obrzędowości dorocznej, weselnej czy pogrzebowej na przestrzeni ostatnich lat. Zmiany dokonują się na wielu płaszczyznach życia społecznego, kulturowego czy gospodarczego, nie ominęły również ludowej obrzędowości. Pomimo wkradania się w tę społeczność nowych trendów, tak często pochodzących z innych kultur, mieszkańcy wsi (w zależności od regionu Polski) na współczesny sposób reaktywują lub pielęgnują dawne zwyczaje i obrzędy ludowe. Rekonstrukcja tradycji ludowych i światopoglądu pozwala współczesnemu człowiekowi lepiej zrozumieć ludzkie zachowania w różnych kontekstach społecznych, historycznych i kulturowych, przez co zachęca do ponownego odczytania źródłowych materiałów etnograficznych, co z kolei pozwala lepiej rozpoznać i zrozumieć wiele stereotypów, zachowań i narracji obecnych we współczesnej kulturze polskiej i w przeżywaniu religii.
EN
The aim of the paper is to present Saint Catharine of Alexandria and Saint Andrew in the context of country-folk religiosity and traditions. Memorials of these two Saints in the liturgy of the Roman Catholic Church fall at the end of liturgical year and the beginning of Advent. The Feasts of these two Saints also became the focal point of pre-Christian folk customs and beliefs pertaining mostly to matrimonial fortune-telling along with some magical accents. The vigil of the Feast of Saint Andrew was devoted to matrimonial predictions of young girls, whereas, the vigil of Saint Catharine's Feast Day was related to the same for young men. The author used ethnographic data gathered during field work conducted in the Opoczno region in the years 1990-1993, and in the Opoczno and Radom regions of Poland in the years 1995-2005. The first section contains a short biography of Saint Catharine, further broadened by description of her role in county-folk customs and traditions. In the second section, Saint Andrew was introduced in similar manner. The Feasts of these two Saints are interwoven with a wealth of folk beliefs in supernatural beings both good and malicious, which are believed to dwell on earth and affect human life. Under the influence of Christianity these two Saints have been drawn into the circle of folk beliefs, with some reference to pre-Christian cults. In present day Polish folk culture not much is left of those old beliefs and customs, and Saint Catharine and Saint Andrew are merely perceived as Patron Saints of pre-marital chastity and specific professions. The example set by these and other Saints is relevant to the lives of the contemporary faithful thought, since it shows how one can boldly follow Christ and preach the Gospel.
EN
The source basis of the present article is provided by the results of ethnographic field studies conducted by the author in 64 localities near Tomaszów Lubelski. In totally, in the period of six years (1995-2001), the author collected information from 314 respondents, with whom he carried out 346 interviews. In addition, 14 collective interviews were made, in which 8 to 14 persons participated. The area of Tomaszów marks the beginning of the point of contact between the Polish and Ukrainian cultures, which is why 30 Ukrainian respondents took part. The subject of the present paper is the description and analysis of former and contemporary folk rituals and beliefs connected with the liturgical reminiscences of saints Catherine and Andrew made in the light of phenomenological and comparative methods. Folk religiousness is simpler than academic theology and Christian liturgy; it permeates the needs of man, filling time and space, objects and actions. In folk rituals, certain magical and religious elements appeared and are interwoven, which comprise the cultural signs of life according to the pagan calendar. The saints, who take care of certain areas of life, strongly influence the imagination, giving a feeling of closeness and strengthening the faith of folk people. Beliefs concerning saints appear in private prayers, songs, proverbs, statements and legends. The cult of saints influences family life and peer groups, being the main themes at social meetings. Associated with the dates of Saints Catherine and Andrew are organized marital ceremonies, which create an atmosphere of joy and the country village’s social ties. The specific games of the men and women were to reveal future passions such as: priority in entering into marriage relationships and finding one’s spouse, even determining a certain person. Older people also associated St. Andrew’s feast day with activities concerning weather forecasting.
EN
The purpose of this article is to show the importance of Saint Barbara in Polish traditions and folk religion. The study is based mainly on the author’s ethnographic field research conducted in the regions of Opoczno and Radom in 1990-1993, and in 1995-2005, as well as on research about St. Barbara’s cult featured in master’s theses and doctoral dissertations written at the Institute of Fundamental Theology of John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin. The article consists of three sections. First, the figure of St. Barbara is introduced with focus on her biography. In the second part, the role of this Saintly Woman in Polish folk religion is illuminated, and in the third section, the significance of the St. Barbara cult is presented through customs and folk proverbs. In Poland, the cult of St. Barbara has a very long and lively tradition, and can be traced to the Wawel Cathedral in Krakow. The first mention of this Saint in liturgy is found in the “Gertrude Psalter”, dating from 11th Century and belonging to a daughter of the early Polish King Mieszko II. St. Barbara is the patroness of a good death, virtuous brides and family life, and is the protectoress from fires, thunderstorms, and sickness of the plague, as well as cemetery chapels. She is venerated primarily by people who are exposed in their occupations to unexpected sudden death, such as miners, steel workers, sailors, fishermen, soldiers, masons, prisoners, bricklayers, gunners, carpenters, blacksmiths, and manufacturers of fireworks. Employees of these professions honor St. Barbara in their own specific ways. Placing the Feast of St. Barbara on December 4 has contributed to the fact that around her, as the Patroness of this day, there have arisen a lot of proverbs predicting the weather for Christmas. Some of these sayings have survived to modern times, and testify to the vitality of the cult of St. Barbara and her popularity in a folk religiosity in Poland.
EN
This article sheds some light on the heralds of death existing in the beliefs of residents of Włodawa. The given publication derives from ethnographic surveys carried out in the area of the city and its surroundings. The whole article is divided into three sections. The first paragraph describes omens originating from nature. The behaviours of the livestock, such as dogs or horses, bear significant meaning for interviewees. Moreover, not only the domesticated animals signalize approaching death, we can also observe that in the behaviours of wild animals. The next section describes signs which appear among inanimate objects as well as unfamiliar occurrences, which take place in the proximity of deceased person. Here are illustrated all superstitious practices such as cracking of objects, inexplicable knocking or other phenomena beyond comprehension. Heralds of death according to the respondents are, among others: atypical events which are related to the corpse of the deceased and its area. Inhabitants of Włodawa recognize those as extremely dangerous.The third part lists other signs, which exist in the studied area. A very important part of this passage constitute dreams commonly interpreted as omens.
EN
This article is based on ethnographic fieldwork conducted in the area of Sacred Heart of Jesus Parish in Włodawa. The collected materials concerning the preparation of the deceased for the interment are described in two points. The first one depicts preparation of body for burial (from actual death to the act of putting the body into the coffin). The act of washing and dressing the corpse/body is described. The next element is the description of the ritual of laying the body in the coffin, putting in various object, which should be placed next to the defunct. According to the respondents these are the important factors of the dignified burial of a member of the local community. After discussing the external preparation of the body, the second part depicts the traditional vigil for the deceased. It describes the organization and actual running of the prayer meeting. In addition to the traditional vigil for the deceased, which took place until the 90s of the 20th century, modifications that took place in this form of prayer in the area of Włodawa are described.
PL
Artykuł oparty jest na etnograficznych badaniach terenowych przeprowadzonych w parafii Najświętszego Serca Jezusowego we Włodawie. Zebrany materiał na temat przygotowania zmarłego do pochówku został przedstawiony w dwóch punktach. Pierwszy punkt ukazuje przygotowanie zmarłego do pochówku (od śmierci do złożenia w trumnie). Został tu opisany sposób umycia zwłok i ich ubiór. Kolejnym elementem jest ułożenie zmarłego w trumnie i włożenie przedmiotów, które powinny znaleźć się przy nieboszczyku. Zdaniem badanych osób są to ważne części godnego pochówku członka lokalnej wspólnoty. Po omówieniu zewnętrznego przygotowania zmarłego, w drugim punkcie zostało opisane typowe czuwanie przy nieboszczyku. Przedstawiono, w jaki sposób organizowano spotkanie modlitewne i jak ono wyglądało. Oprócz klasycznego czuwania, jakie odbywało się jeszcze w latach dziewięćdziesiątych XX wieku, zostały opisane zmiany, które zaszły w tej formie modlitwy za zmarłego na terenie Włodawy.
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