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Acta onomastica
|
2023
|
vol. 64
|
issue 1
157-171
EN
There are no Hungarian written sources from the time preceding the Conquest. Latin-language written culture in Hungary emerged with the establishment of the Kingdom of Hungary in the Carpathian Basin (in 1000 with the coronation of St. Stephen) and the conversion to Christianity. The early Latin (less frequently Greek) written sources created at this time (charters, chronicles, etc.) contain Hungarian words and expressions only sporadically and they were mostly proper names designating places. These, however, due to their early appearance and low number have proved to be truly valuable in studies of historical linguistics. Historical studies also greatly rely on the conclusions drawn from them when exploring the early history of Hungarians and they attempt to describe the ethnic and population history of the contemporary Carpathian Basin also in consideration of the results of historical linguistics concerning the semantic and etymological features of names and their origin. In this respect, the settlement names rooted in ethnonyms have a key role as they also shed light on relations between Hungarians and other peoples. In this paper, I study those settlement names that may refer to Western Slavic settlers designated by the cseh ethnonym in medieval Hungarian language.
CS
Z doby před dobytím neexistují žádné maďarsky psané památky. Písemné památky zaznamenané v latině se objevily v době založení maďarského království v Panonské pánvi (r. 1000 korunovace sv. Štěpána) a konverze ke křesťanství. Rané latinsky (a méně často také řecky) psané prameny vytvořené v tomto období (listiny, kroniky apod.) obsahují maďarská slova a výrazy pouze sporadicky a většinou se jedná o vlastní jména označující místa. To se ovšem s ohledem na jejich stáří a malý počet ukázalo být opravdu cenné pro historicko-lingvistický výzkum. Historické vědy na jejich závěry spoléhají při studiu rané historie Maďarů a také do značné míry usilují o popis vývoje etnicity a osídlení v současné Panonské pánvi v souladu s výsledky historické jazykovědy. V tomto ohledu hrají místní jména vycházející z etnonym klíčovou roli, protože napomáhají vysvětlovat vztahy mezi Maďary a dalšími národy. V tomto článku jsou zkoumána místní jména, která mohou odkazovat k západoslovanským osadníkům, kteří byli označováni ve středověké maďarštině etnonymem cseh.
EN
The article analyzes certain lexical units of the Russian and French languages which function as semantic and morphological derivatives of ethnonyms and macrotoponyms: in Russian - derivatives of the ethnonyms француз, галл and toponyms Франция, Париж; in French - derivatives of the words Russe, Russien ´Russian´, Cosaque ´Cossack´ to ´a Russian soldier´ to ´Russian´, Moscou ´Moscow´, Moscovite (archaic) ´an inhabitant of Muscovy, Russian´. Additionally, the article focuses on set expressions containing the above-mentioned words. Considering this material, the authors conduct a contrastive study of cultural and linguistic images of the French and the Russians (in Russian and French, respectively). The article studies the following thematic spheres of secondary semantics: „Character traits, behaviour“; „Diseases“; „Appearance“; „Language“; „The quality of life, welfare“; „History“. The authors reveal the motivation of language facts, analyze the evaluative components in their meaning and draw conclusions about the main patterns in the development of the images of the nations in question.
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