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Patriotyzm w etyce tomistycznej

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EN
St. Thomas Aquinas did not actually take the subject of patriotism in his deliberations. However, in Summa theologiae he discussed the virtue of piety, which is expressed in love, and estimates love for one’s parents and one’s homeland. Thus, it can be concluded that for Thomas piety is patriotism. In the twentieth century, some followers of Aquinas undertook thoughts about patriotism. Significant studies of this topic are the texts of J.M. Bocheński and J. Woroniecki. In their texts they discuss such issues as: the essence of patriotism, patriotic education, difference between patriotism and chauvinism or nationalism. Woroniecki believed that the family is the first school of patriotism. Bocheński however, while developing the concept of patriotism in Woroniecki’s approach, focuses on the issue of education of a patriotic attitude. For this reason, in the educational process, he takes human powers: intellect, will and senses, into account and gives specific suggestions for their „cultivation”.
EN
The notion of “murder” plays an important role in philosophical, and ethical inquiries, for it denotes an act absolutely prohibited in the domain of human lethal actions. Yet, despite its relevance, it is repeatedly defined in the improper way. In this paper, the most essential elements of the moral concept of murder were determined on the basis of the philosophy of St. Thomas Aquinas. It was shown that commonly accepted definitions of this concept (which consider murder as wrong killing or illegal killing) do not grasp the essence of the defined action. Moreover, contemporary and historical legal definitions of this concept were reconstructed and analysed. It was done in order to prove that they have a procedural character and play a practical role in the judicial system, but they do not recognize a proper moral meaning of this concept.
EN
This article discusses how to interpret the so-called Knobe effect, which refers to the asymmetry in judgments about the intentionality of the side effects caused by one’s actions. The observed tendency is explained through the “moral undertone” of the actions judged. So far, discussions have mostly been held among philosophers in the analytical tradition, who see the theory of morality largely as an ethics of rules. The analysis developed in this article advances the research carried out so far to include teleological ethics, most notably the tradition of Thomistic ethics. Philosophical discussions address the problem of normative orders, focusing in particular on two types of cognition concerned, respectively, with moral judgments and facts. Investigating this issue proves to be helpful not only to explain the Knobe effect, but also to better understand the very notion of an intentional action as employed in the philosophy of action. As a result of this analysis, the Author explains the existing asymmetry in the attribution of intentionality to actions with the respondents’ confusion between cognitive orders. This problem brings us to the issue of normative competences. In analysing the Knobe effect, normative competences would be responsible for the classification of the data collected and separation of the “purely informative” order from the order of moral judgments, referring to norms or values.
PL
W artykule podjęty zostaje problem interpretacji tzw. efektu Knobe’a, czyli pojawiającej się asymetrii w orzekaniu o intencjonalności wywołania skutku ubocznego. Występująca tendencja jest wyjaśniana „zabarwieniem moralnym” ocenianych czynów. Do tej pory dyskusje prowadzone były głównie wśród filozofów, którzy w znacznej mierze teorię moralności postrzegają jako etykę zasad. W artykule analizy rozszerzają dotychczasowe badania o nurt teleologiczny w etyce, a w szczególności o tradycję etyki tomistycznej. Dociekania filozoficzne koncentrują się na problemie porządków normatywnych, a w szczególności na dwóch typach poznania: informującego o ocenie moralnej i informującego o faktach. Zbadanie tego zagadnienia okazuje się pomocne nie tylko dla poszukiwań wyjaśnienia efektu Knobe’a, ale także lepszego zrozumienia samego zagadnienia intencjonalnego działania stosowanego w filozofii działania. W rezultacie występowanie asymetrii w przypisywaniu intencjonalności działaniom autor tłumaczy mieszaniem porządków poznawczych, które można sprowadzić do zagadnienia kompetencji normatywnych. Przy analizowaniu efektu Knobe’a kompetencje normatywne odpowiadałyby za rozróżnianie zbieranych danych poznawczych oraz porządku „czysto informującego” od porządku oceniającego, odnoszącego się do norm lub wartości.
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