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Problems of Enclaves from the Perspective of Interethnic and Interstate Relations in the Ferghana Valley

100%
Karinbayev Z.
Historia i Polityka
|
2020
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issue 34 (41)
EN
The Ferghana Valley is the most densely populated part of Central Asia. The borders of Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan intersect across the Valley. The state lines of these three post-Soviet states were determined during the national-territorial land division in the 1920s. Borders of these three post-Soviet states were drawn during the 1920s, which was a period of territorial land divisions in the early Soviet period. The boundaries drawn at that time have not been universally accepted by these modern post-Soviet states, and have thus become the subject of fierce debate since the time of their independence. This region has a high population density and a high growth rate. These facts, along with the water policies and the objectives of each state, has caused the Ferghana Valley to become a geographical focus of regional conflicts.Enclave problems appear as one of the factors leading to local conflicts at the interstate level. The purpose of this article is to classify Ferghana enclaves in accordance with international scientific definitions and to assess their impact in the context of relations between the kin- and surrounding states. This problem will be discussed from the perspective of interethnic and interstate relations in the Valley. The article shows the evolution of enclaves in Ferghana, their problems, the history of interstate relations in the post-Soviet period, the position and role of the Ferghana states in resolving disputes about the state borders.
2
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Ceuta – afrykańskie wrota do Europy

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Ferenc T.
Border and Regional Studies
|
2018
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vol. 6
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issue 2
135-163
PL
Ceuta będąc jedną z dwóch hiszpańskich eksklaw w Maroku, stanowi także bramę do Europy, zarówno dla Marokańczyków, jak i dla migrantów przybywających z głębi afrykańskiego kontynentu. Działania mające chronić Ceutę przed subsaharyjskimi migrantami spowodowały, że stała się ona wzorem tego, co nazywamy „Twierdzą Europa”. Bezpośrednia bliskość granicy jest kluczowa dla funkcjonowania Ceuty, i to z nią wiążą się kluczowe problemy eksklawy. W artykule w oparciu o materiały zgromadzone podczas badań terenowych, przeprowadzonych w Ceucie w lipcu 2017 r. ukazane zostaną trzy kluczowe problemy istotne dla zrozumienia specyfiki tego regionu. Kolejno będą to zagadnienia związane z funkcjonowaniem granicy, etnicznymi podziałami wśród mieszkańców Ceuty, oraz obawami jej mieszkańców co do przyszłości półwyspu.
EN
Ceuta, being one of the two Spanish exclaves in Morocco, is also a gateway to Europe for both Moroccans and the migrants arriving from the depths of the African continent. Measures to protect Ceuta against sub-Saharan migrants caused that it became a model of what we call „Fortress Europe”. The immediate proximity of the border is crucial for the functioning of Ceuta, and with the border the key problems of exclave are connected. In the article, based on the materials collected during field research conducted on Ceuta in July 2017, three key issues will be presented, relevant to understanding the specificity of this region. Subsequently, these will be issues related to the functioning of the border, ethnic divisions among the people of Ceuta and the fears of its inhabitants about the future of the peninsula.
3
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Oflag II C Woldenberg – analiza socjologiczna enklawy wojennej

100%
Matuchniak-Krasuska A.
Opuscula Sociologica
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2014
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issue 1(7)
25-40
PL
Przedmiotem analizy jest obóz dla oficerów Oflag II C Woldenberg, jako enklawa i eksklawa wojenna z lat 1939–1945. Woldenberg to obecnie Dobiegniew w województwie lubuskim. Obozy jenieckie tworzone przez niemieckich nadzorców z Wehrmachtu to przykłady eksklaw, nastawionych na izolację w złych warunkach tysięcy żołnierzy i oficerów oraz wykluczenie ich z normalnego życia. Organizacja życia jeńców wewnątrz świata podwładnych, zwłaszcza działalność kulturalna, edukacyjna, sportowa to przykłady tworzenia enklaw umożliwiających przetrwanie. W artykule skoncentrowano się na studium przypadku Oflagu II C Woldenberg (w tym zwłaszcza enklawie sportowej). Problematykę obozową przedstawiono przy użyciu pojęć eksklaw i enklaw, prowadząc do skonstruowania typologii: enklaw/eksklaw przestrzennych, funkcjonalnych, statusowych, repertuarowych oraz wielorakich enklaw/eksklaw sportowych (związanych z dyscyplinami sportowymi, klubami, rolami zawodników, amatorów, kibiców, instruktorów, władz obozowych, wydarzeniami sportowymi i zajęciami w-f). Artykuł stanowi studium z pogranicza historii i socjologii (socjologii kultury i socjologii sportu), zmierzające do wykazania przydatności pojęć enklaw i eksklaw do analizy świata społecznego oflagu – obozu; a także przykład pewnej „gry socjologicznej”.
EN
The subject of the analysis is the camp for officers Oflag II C Woldenberg as an enclave and war enclave in the years 1939-1945. The current name of Woldenberg is Dobiegniew in the Lubuskie province (woivodeship). Prisoners of war camps founded by the German Wermacht wardens were an example of enclaves the aim of which was to isolate thousands of soldiers and officers in very bad conditions and exclude them from normal life. The organization of life of the prisoners of war within the world of subordinates, primarily their cultural, educational and sports activities, were examples of enclaves which made it possible for them to survive. The article focuses on the case study of Oflag II C Woldenberg, particularly on its sports enclave. The question of the camp has been presented by employing the concepts of exclaves and enclaves leading to constructing the following typology: enclaves/exclaves – spatial, functional, based on status or repertoire and other multiple sports enclaves/exclaves relevant to sports disciplines, clubs, roles of contestants, amateurs, instructors, coaches, fans, camp authorities, sports events and physical exercises. The study is on the borderline between a historical and a sociological approach (sociology of culture and sociology of sport) attempting to show the usefulness of the concepts of enclaves and exclaves in the analysis of the Oflag- camp social world. It is also an example of a ‘sociological game’.
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