Search results - CEJSH

1

Świat granic Żyda radzieckiego (Malutki owocowy sadzik Fridricha Gorensztejna)

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Kowalska-Paszt I.

Studia Slavica

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2013

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vol. 17

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issue 2

169-176

EN

Fridrich Gorensztejn’s story Malen’kij fruktovyj sadik takes up the problem key in the author’s literary works, of shaping up the self-consciousness of a Russian Jew in the USSR. The main character, who’s also the narrator, depicts the surrounding Soviet reality during Brezhnev’s reign, with a particular emphasis on the environment of intelligent Jews in the context of deciding upon repatriation to Israel, which meant crossing the borders between the character’s mother country and the new to him, but historically his motherland. The subject of the second part of the study is the Russian and Soviet cultural context, which implied Gorensztejn’s writing of Malen’kij fruktovyj sadik and its artistic shape. The references to Anton Chekhov’s body of work allow the metaphorical readings of the story. However the creation of stereotype-driven cultural lines in the Soviet society during the ‘perestroika’ by the Russian and Jewish intellectual elites enables to form the thesis that the interpreted story is implied by those events and is an expression of the author’s utopian belief in the ability of creative coexistence of Jewish minority in the Russian social and cultural space.

2

Der Homo migrans der Frühen Neuzeit. Die böhmischen Exulanten und die neuere deutsche Migrations- und Exilforschung

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Acta Comeniana (International review of Comenius studies and early modern intellectual history)

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2011

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vol. 25

221-240

EN

The aim of this article is to present the results of the most recent German, i.e. German-language, research on the theme of Early Modern Period exile and migration, in which emphasis is placed on the Bohemian post-White Mountain exile. Specialist literature on the theme of the Bohemian post-White Mountain exile is discussed at the beginning of the study, with a short excursus on the concept itself of "exile", in which a concise overview of the state of research is submitted with the aim of drawing attention chiefl y to various instrumentalisations of this concept, as well as to the "success" of the whole research paradigm. Three dissertations have appeared very recently, devoting themselves in particular to the issue of Early Modern exile. A number of papers have also been published in specialist journals and conference proceedings. The study presents in addition the results and tendencies of research which deal on a more general level with themes of Early Modern Period denominational migration and religiously motivated exile. In recent years, research into the Early Modern Period has brought not only new approaches, concepts and methods, but also thematic expansion and several discussions devoted to terminology.

3

W kręgu badań nad dziejami emigracyjnego parlamentaryzmu

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Gotowiecki P.

Przegląd Sejmowy

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2020

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issue 5(160)

221-228

EN

The reviewed publication contains post-conference materials, presented during the conference held in 2016 in Warsaw, entitled “The Deposit of Independence. National Council of the Republic of Poland in Exile (1939–1991)”. The volume consists of 18 articles, published in chronological and topical order, devoted to the selected issues of the history of the Polish parliamentarianism in exile during World War II and in the post-war period. The authors of the articles discussed various aspects of the activities of the National Council of the Republic of Poland in Exile, such as the participation of national minorities in the work of the quasi-parliament, biographies of the chosen parliamentarians, or the selected elements of “parliamentary practices”. This publication is not a synthesis but it supplements and develops the current state of research on the activities of the Polish quasi-parliamentary institutions in exile.

4

El exilio como impulso creativo en la obra de Witold Gombrowicz (entre la nostalgia y la crítica)

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Matyjaszczyk Grenda A.

Estudios Hispánicos

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2013

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vol. 21

133 - 144

EN

Gombrowicz is an incomparable writer not only because of his literary creation, but also because of his way of confronting the entire Polish cultural and emotional heritage. His novel Transatlantic as well the Diaries are works in which, with all the harshness and wit, Gombrowicz questions Polish national myths and destroys the myth surrounding the figure of exiled writer stripping it of the splendor of suffering and sacrifice.

5

Esteemed Friends, Heretics, Traitors: Changes in the Perception of Post-White Mountain Émigrés from Slaný

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Kadeřábek J.

Acta Comeniana (International review of Comenius studies and early modern intellectual history)

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2013

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vol. 27

115-137

EN

This study addresses a previously unexamined aspect of post-White Mountain exile: the way the image of those who had left the Bohemian lands gradually changed in their original social environment. The author carries out an analytical probe into the particular social environment of the Royal Town of Slaný, from which one of the largest waves of refugees from the Kingdom of Bohemia left for Saxony in the 1620s. Drawing on provincial, municipal and church sources, he endeavours to show how the picture of the local exiles gradually changed from a thoroughly tolerant attitude to one of unequivocally negative rejection. Several factors lay behind this change. Heavy pressure from above, at provincial and patrimonial level, was put to bear on the Slaný burghers, spreading a negative image of the exiles. After 1635, in connection with the alliance concluded between the Emperor and the Saxon Elector, this pressure differentiated. From below, it first took the form of an attempt by individual townspeople to acquire – by circulating a negative image of the exiles – social and financial benefits in the newly forming post-White Mountain society. This shift was later supported by a wave of popular religiosity evoked by the events of the Thirty Years War, by generational change, and by a complete transformation of local denominational identification and collective identity. The author would like in his further work to compare this local probe into the urban environment with research into urban communities with a different social dynamic and geography, and later to undertake similar research in the context of the lower and upper nobility.

6

Whitman i Ameryka Miłosza

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Zach J.

Przekładaniec. Półrocznik Katedry UNESCO do Badań nad Przekładem i Komunikacja Miedzykulturowa UJ

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2011

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issue 25

93-101

EN

This paper investigates the ambiguous process of Czesław Miłosz’s integration with America (both its nature and culture) in the context of his literary commitments and “private obligations” to American poetry. It was a long and painful process, a constant struggle with the condition of exile, feelings of homelessness and uprootedness that finally revealed to the poet a “new identity” of the modern man, bound to recognize his unstable, shaky position in space and time. According to Miłosz, America was the testing ground for all mankind, and the very core of American literature had always been the question: “Who am I?”. Thus, Miłosz’s serious involvement in American history and culture gave him a new perspective on global civilization; it helped to recreate his own identity and to achieve a balance between homelessness and belonging.

7

La España de Józef Wittlin

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Villora T. M.

Estudios Hispánicos

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2015

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vol. 23

119-126

EN

In my paper I focus on Józef Wittlin’s impressions about Spain based on some of his private notes and his unpublished manuscript Raptus Europae. These reflections were written in different periods of time: some date to the 1940s, when Wittlin crossed Spain towards Portugal in his exile, some others were taken during his visits to his daughter Elżbieta Wittlin-Lipton in Madrid and surroundings in the 1960s and 1970s. The ideas he expressed are contrasted and completed with some remarks from his daughter that can be found in her autobiographical work From One Day to Another.

8

Smrt konvertity. Zprávy o dobré a špatné smrti v konfesním kontextu

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Prchal Pavlíčková R.

Historie – Otázky – Problémy (History, Issues, Problems)

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2019

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vol. 11

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issue 1

63-80

EN

The study analyses reports on the death of converts in the context of the period ideal of good dying. From the mid-16th century printed reports on the death of converts, which were conceived as public printed evidence that a member of a given denomination died a good death, confirmed his or her conversion and thus the authenticity and correctness of the given oracle. Doubts about the nature of the death of the converts appeared in the sources of a personal nature, too — in the Czech milieu they are found in some memes and journals from the period just after the battle of the White Mountain. Their analysis is aimed at revealing the attitudes of writers, often exiles, to the conversion and knowledge of ideas and values associated with the change of a denomination.

9

Praca oświatowo-wychowawcza w polskim osiedlu Santa Rosa (Meksyk) w latach 1943–1946

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Chmielewski W. J.

Zeszyty Naukowe PUNO

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2015

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issue 3

245-274

EN

In 1943, as a result of the decision taken by the Polish and Mexican authorities, support ed by Great Britain and the United States of America, a settlement of Polish refugees wascreated in Santa Rosa near the town of Leon in Mexico. The refugees came from a group of people deported deep into the USSR from the Eastern borderlands of the Second Republic of Poland during World War II. The inhabitants of the settlement included many children and women. That fact resulted in the setting up of a nursery school, a primary school, a secondary school, as well as vocational schools and courses for that population of Polish citizens. There was also a large orphanage in that place. All the work carried out by teachers and tutors at those institutions was aimed at educating the youngest generation of refugees to become good Polish citizens and preparing them to undertake professional work after returning to an independent Poland. The Mexican branch of the Ministry of Religious Denominations and Public Enlightenment in Mexico of the government in London was in charge of educational work in the settlement. Santa Rosa played an important and praiseworthy role in the history of Polish education in exile, as well as in the history of Polish education as a whole. In December 1946 the settlement was closed down. Its inhabitants, school children and teenagers, remained in the vast majority in exile, mainly in the USA. A small number of children stayed in a Refuge for Polish Children, which existed in Tlalpan in the suburbs of Mexico in the years 1947–1952.

10

The Expulsions from the ‘Congress’ Kingdom of Poland and Galicia as Seen from Personal Accounts (1914–18)

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Sierakowska K.

Acta Poloniae Historica

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2016

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vol. 113

EN

The article discusses the refugees’ life during the Great War, focusing on the living conditions on their route to and in exile. The aim here is to grasp the experience that the refugees underwent when they were still uncertain of their future, and when they were venturing into the unknown without being aware of where their journey would take them. The source material concerns refugees who fled from the ‘Congress’ Kingdom of Poland and Galicia to central Russia and western part of the Austro-Hungarian empire. It involves personal documents, especially those created during this exile experience, and the accounts included in the press, notably in Ognisko Polskie. The evidence presented in the article shows that the exile was among the most traumatic war events. It also demonstrates that the flight and exile affected various groups in different ways. Children and elderly persons were most vulnerable and most likely to suffer damage to their health or even to lose their lives. It was particularly difficult for them to endure adverse weather conditions and malnutrition. They were also more prone to contagious diseases, especially typhus and cholera. The stay in the barracks camps established in the Austro-Hungarian Empire was another difficult experience. Especially initially the camps were not fi t for housing so great a number of people of different age and gender. Finally, the analysis of personal documents shows the use of different survival strategies in the exile. The refugees showed much determination in finding employment or seeking compensation and various benefits; and there was a significant social mobilization to organize assistance to the refugees.

11

Die böhmische reformatorische Tradition und die kirchliche Orientierung der böhmischen und mährischen Exulanten in den deutschen Ländern im 18. Jahrhundert

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Štěříková E.

Acta Comeniana (International review of Comenius studies and early modern intellectual history)

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2007

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vol. 20-21

25-47

EN

In the eighteenth century émigrés came from Bohemia and Moravia to the German lands with the idea of becoming members of the Lutheran church. From reading Pietist literature they had gained the impression that this teaching corresponded to their religious convictions. They soon however realised that some ritual customs ran counter to their understanding and the superficial life of most Lutherans stopped them in their tracks. Their difference was predetermined by Bohemian Reformation tradition, by Pietist literature and by holding to the direct and unconditional authority of the biblical text as they understood it. When, because of their difference, they began to be looked on with suspicion, they had somehow to account for it and to identify it. Their only knowledge of Reformation tradition was of the Bohemian Reformation church, and that was the Unitas fratrum. Some were direct descendants of former Brethren families, others had at least met with the descendants of the old Czech brethren still in the Czech Lands and sought support from them. They did not call themselves the Czech Brethren while they were still in the Czech Lands, but once in exile (when they had by some means to express their independence) they had no doubts about the justness of their identification with this Bohemian Reformation church, wellknown to them by repute. They called themselves the Czech Brethren. Of the inheritance of the Unitas fratrum, closest to them was church order and discipline. However, when they spoke of the “Czech confession”, they really meant by that their own religious tradition.

12

Die räumlichen Grenzen der Exil-Inszenierung und die metaphorischen Figurationen des J. A. Comenius in der tschechischen Literatur des 19. Jahrhunderts

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Řezníková L.

Acta Comeniana (International review of Comenius studies and early modern intellectual history)

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2012

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vol. 26

161-182

EN

In the nineteenth century, as a result of number of sociocultural changes, the exile as a historically variable phenomenon experienced a significant reconceptualization, while at the same time its literary representations also went through changes. In this period, models trying to implement the exile in the narrative of national history show symptomatic differences and specific limits in comparison with earlier models or with models formed in the course of the twentieth century. The spatial contexts of the national narrative, which coincided with the physical absences of émigrés from the national area, were in themselves limiting. (Literary) concepts of exile therefore concentrated primarily on the outlook of those who remained behind. As far as the representation of an émigré himself was concerned, literature created a number of main model situations which "returned" him to his nationally spatial context. A reflection of the prominent post-White Mountain exile Jan Amos Comenius presented a specific possibility that overcame the limits of the spatially limited national narratives by reference to Comenius's writings which (unlike their author) were physically accessible in the Bohemian Lands – albeit to a limited degree. Distinctive cognitive metaphors (light in darkness, the labyrinth, depth of security, etc.) were also gathered from these writings, and around these an image of Comenius stabilised, in close conjunction with the topic of exile.

13

Modus exprese osobní paměti v literárním textu

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Papoušek V.

Poznańskie Studia Slawistyczne

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2019

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issue 16

209-226

EN

The main thesis of the author of this study is the opinion that so called personal memory transformed into the literary text is not in any case the representation of past reality of individual. So called personal memory in literature is always set of speech acts with evident intention of narrator. This thesis the author prooved on text of four czech exile authors – Hostovsky, Souckova, Barenyi and Kundera.

14

Privilegovaný malý spojenec. Kráľovská nórska vláda v spojeneckom Londýne

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Jakubec P.

Historie – Otázky – Problémy (History, Issues, Problems)

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2020

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issue 1

21-32

EN

During the Second World War, London hosted several Allied governments-in-exile. An unprecedented phenomenon in diplomatic history, the explosion of exile politics affected the position and agency of the Czechoslovak authorities. The aim of this study is to present basic, often status-related operational parameters of one of their lesser partners, the Royal Norwegian Government, which also strived to contribute to a sustainable balance in the mutual relationships of the “Grand Coalition” great powers.

15

Günther, Klesch, Láni und die anderen. Zur Typologie der ungarischen Exulanten des 17. Jahrhunderts

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Kowalská E.

Acta Comeniana (International review of Comenius studies and early modern intellectual history)

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2007

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vol. 20-21

49-64

EN

Thanks to the fact that ius emigrandi was accepted in early modern Europe, hundreds of thousands of people experienced exile, hoping to find better living conditions in their new country. However, the confrontation of expectation and reality frequently became a source of conflict in the context of émigré communities. Even simple coexistence in another society complicated and exarcebated the integration of the émigrés. Collective experience with suffering undoubtedly contributed to the maintenance of their identity even when living in an environment related to their confession and favourably inclined. A vivid example of this kind of exile was the emigration of the Hungarian Lutheran and frequently even Calvinist (reformed) intellectual elite in the course of the 1670s which in some respects differed from other waves of confessional exile of the early modern age. From the beginning of the seventeenth century Hungary had considerable experience with persons who declared themselves victims of religious persecution. Hungary became a refuge for Protestants thrown out of the Austrian and Czech lands of the Habsburg monarchy. However, that situation did not last very long. Hungary did not turn into a country whose political system would permanently secure the problem-free existence not only of émigrés, but even of Protestants in general. In spite of laws which modified the free practice of the protestant confessions (1608, expanded 1647), at the beginning of the 1660s intensive re-catholicisation began to be implemented, peaking with an attempt to eliminate Protestants from society and with a ban on the public pursuance of the protestant confessions. In the course of court cases from 1673–1674 hundreds of preachers and teachers had to submit to internal emigration or leave for foreign exile. They included Daniel Klesch, Andreas Günther and Georg Láni, who could serve as examples of exile diversely perceived and experienced. All three found refuge in Germany, wrote about and analysed the situation of the preceding period of persecution in Hungary, and tried to acquire a public in Germany for the issue of the Hungarian émigrés. However, their mutual conflicts regarding the guilt of individual leading personalities of Hungarian Lutheranism for unfavourable developments showed up the deep divisions in opinion and made their acceptance in their host country difficult.

16

KOBIETY – „NOWY” TYP IMIGRANTA WE WSPÓŁCZESNEJ EUROPIE

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Jakimowicz-Pisarska I.

Colloquium Wydziału Nauk Humanistycznych i Społecznych AMW

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2017

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issue 3

81-102

EN

The suggestion included in the title of the article is a kind of provocation for the readers. Obviously, it isn’t a truth that women’s migration is a new issue in Europe and in the world. What is more, the women also don’t create any particular group or category in the waves of imigrants who pour in UE. The text and its title should rather serve as a pretext to further discussion about present flows in the new waves of refugee. The text should also help to put some information in order. It allowes deeper understand why the phenomenon of feminization the migration is a natural concomitant for all waves of migration in XXI century. Moreover, some information can explain why the women’s migration has a significant influence on European society. The feminization of the migration is also a clear sight of modern changes and a obvious proof of transformation women’s position in the world.

17

Zofia Szleyen, traductora de Max Aub

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Trinidad Marín Villora M.

Estudios Hispánicos

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2016

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vol. 24

107-114

EN

Basing on the correspondence between Max Aub and Zofia Szleyen, this article presents the circumstances in which the translations of Max Aub’s works into Polish language started, as well as Zofia Szleyen’s important task in transmitting Spanish culture and literature in Poland.

18

Exilové sítě: komunikace Přemysla Pittra a Františka Váni

88%

Miller J.

Český časopis historický (The Czech Historical Review)

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2022

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vol. 120

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issue 1

125-156

EN

By providing the genuinely new „networked“ understanding of exile, this study aims to rewrite significantly the story of Czechoslovak political emigration and re-assess its functioning mostly by means of a tool so far ignored in this field: The Social Network Analysis. According to the dominant historiographical narrative, the Czechoslovak exile followed mostly political goals and was structured as an hierarchy with the Council of Free Czechoslovakia being the supreme body initially respected by most (though not by all) fractions within the exile movement across the globe. That is why the historical research, rather one-sidedly, focused upon the institutional history, biographies of political leaders and ideological debate within political parties in exile. The study argues that the traditional approach needs a substantial revision. Though initially designed as a state-like hierarchy with pyramidal decision-making procedures (with coordinating power vested in the Council of Free Czechoslovakia) the exile soon transformed itself into a horizontal and rather informal network of loosely interconnected and mutually collaborating units and individuals across the globe. The „network thesis“ is demonstrated upon the model analysis of František Váňa’s and Přemysl Pitter’s communication webs being part of the long-term research of Czechoslovak exile networks, 1948–1989.

19

Between Homeland and Emigration. Tuwim’s Struggle for Identity

88%

Trepte H.-C., Leipzig University I. o. S. S., trepte@rz.uni-leipzig.de

Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Litteraria Polonica

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2016

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vol. 36

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issue 6

EN

Julian Tuwim belongs to the pantheon of the greatest Polish writes of the 20th century. His Polish-Jewish descent, his attitude towards the Polish language, towards Jews in Poland, his political activities as an emigrant as well as his controversial involvement with the communist Poland still fuel many critical discussions. Polish language and culture were for him much more important than the categories of nation or state. However, whereas for Polish nationalists and antisemites Tuwim remained “only” a Jew, Jewish nationalists considered him a traitor. It was in exile that his attitude towards his Jewish countrymen began to change, especially after he learnt about the horror of the Holocaust in occupied Poland. Thus, he began writing his famous, dramatic manifesto, We, the Polish Jews. After World War II, Tuwim came back to Poland, hoping to continue his prewar career as a celebrated poet. His manifold contributions to the development of the Polish language and literature, within the country and abroad, cannot be questioned, and the dilemmas concerning his cultural and ethnic identity only make him a more interesting writer. Julian Tuwim belongs to the pantheon of the greatest Polish writes of the 20th century. His Polish-Jewish descent, his attitude towards the Polish language, towards Jews in Poland, his political activities as an emigrant as well as his controversial involvement with the communist Poland still fuel many critical discussions. Polish language and culture were for him much more important than the categories of nation or state. However, whereas for Polish nationalists and antisemites Tuwim remained “only” a Jew, Jewish nationalists considered him a traitor. It was in exile that his attitude towards his Jewish countrymen began to change, especially after he learnt about the horror of the Holocaust in occupied Poland. Thus, he began writing his famous, dramatic manifesto, We, the Polish Jews. After World War II, Tuwim came back to Poland, hoping to continue his prewar career as a celebrated poet. His manifold contributions to the development of the Polish language and literature, within the country and abroad, cannot be questioned, and the dilemmas concerning his cultural and ethnic identity only make him a more interesting writer.

20

VIOLATION OF HUMAN RIGHTS DURING THE MIGRATION OF POPULATION AT THE CLOSE OF AND AFTER WORLD WAR II IN CENTRAL EUROPE

88%

Hrynicki W. M., Widerski J.

Kultura Bezpieczeństwa. Nauka – Praktyka – Refleksje

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2016

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vol. 24(24)

92-117

EN

1. Objective The objective of the article is to recall the enormity of human suffering related to the forcible relocation of population at the close of and after World War II in Central Europe. The tragedy of World War II did not end with the signing of peace treaties. On the contrary, for many people it was the beginning of flight, exile,and, finally, forcible relocation. The victors were dealing without mercy not only with the defeated but also with the allies and own citizens, violating the regulations of international treaties. Today we should remember about those horrible events, which only recently have started to be discussed loudly so that the same mistakes leading to the suffering and death of many human beings are not made in the future. 2. Introduction The great conferences which crowned World War II (Tehran, Yalta, Potsdam) as well as the Atlantic Charter and the Charter of the United Nations pulled the world, and Europe in particular, our of the nightmare of destruction and death, and, all the same, they also served as a guarantee that the spoils of war would be divided between the victors. However, the above-mentioned treaties did not divide only territories but, particularly, people, giving rise to the tragedy of flight, exile and forcible relocation. The tragedies took place especially in Central Europe and they affected both the invaders and the victims. The victims sometimes turned into invaders, and the invaders into victims. The atrocities of flight, exile and forcible relocation were suffered by Jews, for whom World War II constituted the greatest tragedy ever, as well as by the Poles, Germans, Hungarians, Ukrainians, Belarussians, Czechs, Slovaks, Lithuanians, Russians and representatives of other nations. The beautiful slogans of the Atlantic Charter and the Charter of the United Nations became for those fleeing, exiled and forcibly relocated only empty watchwords, of which most of them did not even hear during the tragedy. 3. Methodology The authors identify the enormity of flight, exile and forcible relocation of people at the close of and after World War II, and try to raise the awareness of the need to remember about it and draw conclusions for the future. The adopted comparative historical method allows for direct needs analysis concerning the guarantee of basic human needs in the face of the horrors of war and actions taken directly after the war. 4. Conclusions The authors prove that, irrespective of victory in a war, securing people against national or ethnic persecution when the war has come to an end should be a matter of overriding importance for the victors. The victory does not entitle the victors to treat people like objects, even if they also were accomplices to the tragedy of war. Great wars are fought between states, particularly between the biggest ones, and it is the unarmed, innocent people who suffer, even though they are not responsible for their outbreak and all the harm. The experience of World War II should make people aware of the threat of suffering and death in the face of post-war division of territorial spoils.

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