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Chińskojęzyczne nazwy Polski w wybranych źródłach z okresu Chin cesarskich

100%
Sękowski J.
Przegląd Orientalistyczny
|
2018
|
issue 3-4 (267-268)
353-369
EN
The article provides an overview of exonyms used in reference to Poland in Chinese-language cartographic and textual sources from the period of Imperial China (i.e. until 1912) with the earliest source dating back to the 14th century. Extensive excerpts of the textual sources have been quoted and translated into Polish to providethe reader with information on the state of knowledge about Poland amongst Chinese officials, scholars and rulers from that period. The use of Chinese-language texts written both by Chinese and foreign authors allows for a basic analysis of foreign influences on Chinese exonymy. Fragments of maps have been included in the article to introduce the reader to the style and level of Chinese cartography from the period.
2
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Między endonimem a egzonimem. Status nazw obiektów transgranicznych

86%
Włoskowicz W.
Acta onomastica
|
2016
|
vol. 57
141-155
EN
The aim of the paper is to discuss the theoretical endonymic or exonymic status of names of transboundary geographical features. The history and the most important definitions of the concepts of endonym and exonym are presented briefly. These are the definitions approved and used by the United Nations Group of Experts on Geographical Names. In the second part of the paper the newly proposed “academic” definitions and theoretical approaches to the endonym – exonym divide are discussed. The third part of the paper is devoted to the status of the names of transboundary features that results from different theoretical views on the nature of endonyms and exonyms. The last part provides arguments for the “holistic” approach, i.e. for the position that the endonymic status is valid for a name within its whole range, notwithstanding any borders dividing the geographical feature.
3
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Slovenské exonymá a niektoré ich aktuálne problémy

72%
Valentová I.
Onomastica
|
2021
|
vol. 65
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issue 1
39-67
EN
Exonyms are an integral part of every language, history and material and spiritual culture of individual nations. Slovak, like any other language, has the right to adapt foreign names to its needs. There is no doubt about the social importance and significance of the standardization of geographical names, including exonyms, also for communication and exact identification of the object. When standardizing exonyms as well as other kinds of toponyms, it is necessary to take into account not only the language system and the literary language, but also the forms used in various spheres of communication. Social and political factories of international character have a much greater influence on the standardization of exonyms, in comparison to other kinds of toponyms. The paper deals with the definition of the term exonym and the suitability of the Slovak domestic term “vžitý názov” (conventional name), given that some exonyms are not characterized by the sign of ‘conventionality’, i. e. the standardized form is no longer used, or the form that is not used in communication is standardized. The author briefly characterizes the basic types of Slovak exonyms and some of their orthographic problems, which were solved in the past, the principles of standardization of exonyms and recommendations in connection with the use of exonyms and endonyms. The next part of the paper is devoted to some current issues related to the standardization of some exonyms, such as the standardization of the abbreviated Slovak names of the state “Spojené kráľovstvo, Veľká Británia” (United Kingdom, Great Britain), the standardization of two Slovak exonyms for one object or previously standardized forms of Slovak exonyms for some names of municipalities in Hungary with a Slovak national minority, which are not used today among Slovaks in Hungary. A long-term problem is incorrectly formed and used exonyms of Slovak geographical objects in translations of Slovak texts into foreign languages.
4

Nazwy państw w języku polskim jako przykład stosowania egzonimów i endonimów

72%
Zych M.
Prace Językoznawcze
|
2014
|
issue 16/2
95-104
EN
This article discusses the Polish names of 193 member states of the United Nations. Among these names 49 (25%) are endonyms, which means that in Polish the names identical to ones used in the official languages of those countries are used. All other country names are Polish exonyms. It is possible to distinguish among them names that are translations of the entire name, or part thereof, as well as names being the graphic or phonetic adaptation of the original names. A large group of Polish country names are names borrowed from other languages which are not the official languages of the countries concerned – mostly from Latin and German, but also from English, French, Spanish, Russian, and Greek. An important group of Polish country names are names derived from the names of ethnic groups. The oldest names of this group are the ones which continue pre-Slavic forms – Włochy (for Italy), Niemcy (for Germany), Czechy (for Czechia), Węgry (for Hungary). In the case of long (official) names of countries, the ones used in the Polish language correspond (with three exceptions) with their original long names.
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