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EN
The present paper analyses the scope of protection of EU citizens against expulsion under Directive 2004/38/EC and in the case-law of the Court of Justice of the Eu-ropean Union. According to the provision of this Directive, an EU citizen threatened with expulsion must have access to relevant documents and accessible information on the legal procedures to be followed in his/her case. Even if the government claims that national security interests keep courts from disclosing the evidence to the EU citizen, it is obliged to submit any material or evidence capable of corroborating that the interests of national security or public order are at stake. The CJEU requires that the evidence has to be scrutinised by the adversarial proceedings. In particular, the EU citizen must be informed, in any event, of the essence of the grounds on which an expulsion decision is based, as the necessary protection of State security cannot have the effect of denying the person concerned of his/her right to be heard.
EN
When evaluating German inhabitants memories relating to the 1946 expulsion, the significant criteria are the age and the gender of those participating, which have a crucial influence on the participants´ attitude to the events they experienced. The theme of the memories includes mainly preparations for the expulsion, farewell to home, hardships on the way, circumstances of the arrival, beginnings in a foreign environment, as well as gradual assimilation and improvement in the coexistence with domestic population. Sometimes, the theme includes post-war family re-unification, renewed contacts to friends, and care of mementoes that they brought from the former fatherland with them. The older German emigrants had grievances in relation to the Czechs, which - in the case of some of them - survived until their death. The younger generation, i.e. the expulsed children at that time, shows rather nostalgia, interest in the present-day life in their home towns and villages, and new contacts to their contemporary inhabitants. The expulsion of German fellow citizens was also reflected in experiences and recollections of the Czech residents in the Vyškov area. As to the bearer´s bias and experience, the expulsion was perceived either in a positive way with feelings of satisfaction, or in a negative way with expressions of sorrow and sympathy.
EN
The last decade has witnessed the development of a growing phenomenon, the expulsion of European Union (EU) citizens from a host Member State. While the EU encourages its citizens to use their fundamental right of freedom of movement, citizens moving to other Member States continue to encounter legal obstacles, in some cases leading to expulsion. Recently, there has even been strong political pressure in some Member States to reconsider the benefits of the principle of free movement, which has been built progressively since the foundation of the European Community. This restrictive approach has arisen against the background of the global economic crisis, which occurred just after the enlargement of the EU to economically poorer countries of Central and Eastern Europe, leading to more nationalistic and protectionist measures, which have legal consequences for EU citizens on the move. This article analyses the legal grounds for expulsion under EU law and the safeguards that protect EU citizens residing in host Member States. Examples of expulsions from Member States in recent years are noted, and possible ways of overcoming current issues are proposed.
EN
The article introduces the notion of the “post-German” archive as an idea for further research on the erased cultures of Central Europe. The author questions the hierarchical and top-down structure of the institutionalized archive. Instead, she proposes to understand the “post-German” archive as an inclusive conception. It would incorporate various narratives, languages, and perspectives. In this way, the canonization of given motives can be avoided. The author pays special attention to the responsibility of the researcher. She illustrates the theoretical framework with examples from Polish and Czech archival practices.
EN
Gerold Tietz was born in 1941 in Horka (north Bohemia) in a family of Sudeten Germans. Germans lived in this village together with Czechs, Roma people and Jews. The family also involved Czech relatives and many of German relatives spoke good Czech and kept relations with Czech cultural groups. After the war Gerold Tietz and his family were expelled to Swabia. He studied history, French and political science. From 1969 the graduated historian lived in Esslingen where he taught in the grammar school for thirty years. In the autobiographically oriented novels Böhmische Fuge (1997), Böhmisches Richtfest (2007) and in Böhmische Grätschen (2009) Tietz tried to depict official social-political events connected with famous political and cultural figures as well as the stories of ordinary days of “small people” who had to face the consequences of historic changes which influenced their lives. The paper analyses the conditions of Czech and German coexistence and confronts the authentic historic context. Nevertheless, negative features of these ethnic groups are not overlooked and the positive ones are presented as a positive contribution to the current European multiculturalism.
EN
This article deals with the situation and legal status of the so-called German Jews in Czechoslovakia during 1945–1948. It focuses on Jewish survivors who declared that they had German nationality in the 1930 census. Not all Jews who had lived in pre-war Czechoslovakia were allowed (after the end of the Second World War) to take Czechoslovak citizenship. Those who were barred from doing so were largely Czechoslovak Jews with German nationality or German-speaking Jews. The article describes their efforts to obtain Czechoslovak citizenship. The author concentrates on their post-war fears of being expelled from Czechoslovakia. The article focuses on the efforts of the Jewish representatives to protect and help the German Jews.
EN
This article argues that the arrests and expulsion of large numbers of Roma carried out by the French government in 2010 violated the European Union’s human rights principles because non-French Roma were targeted collectively for removal. In response to the expulsions, the European Commission initiated infringement proceedings against France for procedural violations of European Union Directive 2004/38 (the Free Movement Directive). However such racially discriminatory state action should be challenged more properly as a substantive violation of Directive 2000/43 (the Racial Equality Directive). Because the European Union does not have its own separate body of human rights law that is binding within Member States, using the Racial Equality Directive to offer protection to vulnerable minorities by challenging discriminatory state practices may be an alternative method of achieving human rights objectives within Member States. Moreover, since the Racial Equality Directive lacks interpretation, a situation of race-based expulsion of EU migrants would be an opportunity to clarify and develop the scope and meaning of the Directive.
EN
The author discusses the legal basis, the cope of application, the content and the concurrence of procedural guarantees in the event of an expulsion of an alien under the European Convention. These guarantees stem from Article 1 of Protocol No. 7, Article 4 of Protocol No. 4, Articles 13 and 34 of the Convention as well as from the concepts of positive obligations and tests of legality and necessity, developed in the case law of the Strasbourg Court. Guarantees under Article 1 of Protocol No. 7 and Article 4 of Protocol No. 4 are the only ones that are applicable regardless of whether an expulsion results in the violation of an alien’s rights or the limitation of the freedoms arising from the Convention. Moreover, they do not apply to extradition proceedings, whereas the other guarantees do. However, in the context of the guarantees resulting from Article 13 of the Convention and the concepts of positive obligations as well as the tests of legality and necessity, a common standard of procedural requirements in an event of an expulsion of an alien seems to have emerged. It includes the alien’s right to information on the specifi c reasons for expulsion; available remedies and a possibility of obtaining legal assistance; the right to submit arguments against expulsion; the right to be represented; the right to have the case reviewed; the right to an independent and impartial authority competent to decide in the case. In the event where an expulsion puts an alien in danger of irreversible damage to his/her rights, the person concerned should have, in addition, access to a remedy with automatic suspensive eff ect. This standard is also quite common to guarantees stemming from Articles 1 of Protocol No. 7 and Article 4 of Protocol No. 4. However, since “competent authority” under Article 1 of Protocol No. 7 need not be the authority with whom the fi nal decision on expulsion rests and because it is possible to expel an alien before the exercise of his/her rights under this Article, the author is of the opinion that the latter should apply only to expulsions that do not threaten conventional rights.
EN
The subject of this article is the obligation to return as a new instrument in the Polish law on foreigners. This obligation to return has been in force since 1 May 2014 and replaces the previously functioning expulsion and the obligation to leave the territory of the Republic of Poland. New legal solutions result from the transposition of so called “Return Directive”, agreed in 2008 and the entry into force of the Foreigners Act of 12 December 2013. The question is whether these solutions constitute an absolute novelty or whether they are a stage in the evolution of the Polish law on foreigners. Is it merely a correction of the former standards or a totally new quality? The answer to these questions is crucial, as the regulations concerning the status of illegally staying foreigners are a measure show whether the balance between the protection of human rights and the protection of public interest in its numerous aspects is achieved. Seeking for the answer, the author firstly presents the provisions of the Return Directive and subsequently introduces the institution of the obligation to return against the background of the legal regulation of expulsion and obligation to leave the territory of the Republic of Poland. The analysis addresses types of administrative decisions in these matters, their premises, contents, legal consequences and execution as well as a tolerated stay permit and a permission to stay for humanitarian reasons. Competent authorities and different forms of aid and assistance offered to foreigners are also discussed. The deliberations end with a few reflections. In the conclusion it is stated that the obligation to return is not, as such, revolutionary in the Polish law on foreigners. However, many of the new solutions constitute important developments, generally in favour of the above mentioned balance between the protection of human rights and public interest. Despite this principally positive evaluation, it is noteworthy that some of them may pose a certain risk.
PL
Artykuł poświęcony jest nowej w polskim porządku prawnym instytucji zobowiązania cudzoziemca do powrotu, która z dniem 1 maja 2014 r. zastępuje funkcjonujące wcześniej równolegle instytucje: wydalenia i zobowiązania cudzoziemca do opuszczenia terytorium Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej. Nowe rozwiązania są w znacznej mierze skutkiem wdrożenia tzw. dyrektywy powrotowej przyjętej w 2008 r. i wejścia w życie Ustawy o cudzoziemcach z dnia 12 grudnia 2013 r. Autorka zadaje pytanie, czy rozwiązania te mają charakter całkowicie nowatorski, czy też stanowią wyraz ewolucji polskiego prawa o cudzoziemcach. Czy mamy do czynienia jedynie z korektą dotychczasowych standardów czy z ich zupełnie nową jakością? Odpowiedź na te pytania jest istotna, gdyż sposób traktowania cudzoziemca przebywającego na terytorium państwa niezgodnie z prawem jest wyznacznikiem stopnia równowagi pomiędzy wymogami poszanowania praw człowieka a ochroną interesu publicznego w różnych jego aspektach. Poszukując odpowiedzi na postawione pytania, autorka prezentuje postanowienia dyrektywy powrotowej, a następnie przedstawia instytucję zobowiązania cudzoziemca do powrotu na tle wydalenia i zobowiązania cudzoziemca do opuszczenia terytorium Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej. Analiza dotyczy rodzajów decyzji, przesłanek ich wydania, treści, skutków prawnych, wykonania, udzielenia zgody na pobyt tolerowany i zgody na pobyt ze względów humanitarnych, właściwości organów oraz form pomocy dla cudzoziemca. Rozważania zamyka garść refleksji. Konkluzje obejmują stwierdzenie, że instytucja zobowiązania cudzoziemca do powrotu jako taka nie ma charakteru rewolucyjnego w polskim prawie o cudzoziemcach. Znaczna część rozwiązań wprowadza jednak istotne zmiany, zasadniczo sprzyjające wspomnianej równowadze między poszanowaniem praw człowieka a interesem publicznym. Pomimo tej ogólnie pozytywnej oceny niektóre z nich zdają się nieść za sobą również pewne ryzyko w tym zakresie.
PL
Pojmowanie winy w starożytnej Grecji było zakorzenione w myśleniu symbolicznym, wszelkie zachowania związane z przewiną wykazywały zaś związek ze zmazą religijną (gr. miasma) oraz powszechnym lękiem przed tym, co nieczyste. Także kamienowanie, stanowiące jedną z metod wykonywania kary śmierci, odznaczało się specyfiką bliską obrzędom oczyszczenia. Celem niniejszego artykułu jest przedstawienie, występujących na gruncie greckim, religijnych konotacji aktu kamienowania – rytuału pomijanego milczeniem przez większość opracowań podejmujących temat greckiej zmazy – oraz puryfikacyjnego aspektu rzutu głazem.
EN
Understanding of guilt in Ancient Greece was deeply ingrained in symbolic language; particularly any behaviour that could be tied to offence was connected with the religious „stain” (grc. miasma) and the common fear of having contact with someone who is „unclean”. Also, the ritual of stoning, which was the main form of capital punishment, was one of the methods of purification. However, most publications on the issue of Greek stain exclude the question of stoning. The aim of the publication is to complete this omission and to show the religious connotation of the act of throwing stones in Ancient Greece.
CS
Tématem studie jsou strategie literární reprezentace odsunu/vyhnání Němců z Československa v románech Němci Jakuby Katalpy (2012) a Die Unvollendeten Reinharda Jirgla (2003). Zaměřuje se na dva limitní způsoby literárního vzpomínání, paměť tělesnosti a alegorickou citaci, které v návaznosti na Aleidu Assmannovou chápe jako specifické „stabilizátory vzpomínky“. Němé materiální indexy otištěné do tělesnosti postav a věcí u Katalpy mohou přetrvat rozpad sociálních rámců vzpomínání pouze do té míry, do jaké vzpomínka zůstává ve své němotě mimo jakoukoli diskurzivitu, jež podléhá neustálé proměně. Podobně také strategie citace, která se snaží v modu „druhé přítomnosti“ dosáhnout prchavé aktuality vzpomínky na odsun, zvládá tuto operaci pouze za cenu roztříštění vzpomínky a její střídavé (sebe)reference. Studie se v závěru zaměřuje na specifika literárnosti těchto strategií vzpomínání a jejich praktické důsledky v současné české a německé kultuře vzpomínání.
EN
Some years have already passed since the book Summer of dead dreams by Harry Thürk (2015) was published. Some inhabitants of Prudnik County have treated the German perception as presented in its pages and interwoven in the historicists’ motifs, as a non-fiction and as a reliable source. This is why it has become essential to take some steps to present this multithreaded post-war event more honestly. One of the museums’ functions is their multi-dimensional educational activity, achieved through exhibitions and publications. Consequently, the Prudnik County Museum in Prudnik town has undertaken the task of showing the chequered history of this region from 1945 to 1947 by: a) preparing and elaborating a permanent exhibition entitled “Seen through a net curtain. The multiculturality of Upper Silesia based on Prudnik County”; b) publishing a book of the same title which brings closer the intangible heritage of Prudnik county, seen in its traditions and folk rituals of various social and cultural groups which together form its current “ethnos”; c) publishing a collection of eyewitness accounts by people who remember the years 1945–1947. The issue of changing borders and resettlements still evokes emotions for both the Polish and German communities. Although, the Polish and German tragedy of the civilian population had different origins, the tragedy itself was the same: extermination, forcing people to abandon their homes, going into the unknown, exile, illnesses and death are the common denominators of those sad events at the end of WWII. The museum’s role is to familiarise the public with a very frequently difficult and tragic history which would be free of stereotypes and subjectivity.
PL
Od ukazania się powieści Harry’ego Thürka pt. Lato umarłych snów (2015) minęło już kilka lat. Zaprezentowana na jej łamach i wpleciona w wątki historyzujące optyka niemiecka przez część mieszkańców Ziemi Prudnickiej została potraktowana jako literatura faktu i wiarygodny przekaz źródłowy. Stąd też konieczne stało się podjęcie działań ukazujących rzetelnie wielowątkowo trudne wydarzenie powojenne. Jedną w funkcji muzeów jest działalność edukacyjna realizowana wielopłaszczyznowo, tj. poprzez wystawy oraz publikacje. Dlatego Muzeum Ziemi Prudnickiej w Prudniku podjęło się ukazania trudnej historii tego regionu z lat 1945–1947 poprzez następujące działania: a) przygotowania i opracowania ekspozycji stałej pt. „Spojrzenie przez gardinkę. Wielokulturowość Górnego Śląska na przykładzie Ziemi Prudnickiej”; b) publikację książki pod tym samym tytułem, która przybliża niematerialne dziedzictwo Ziemi Prudnickiej zawarte w zwyczajach i obrzędach ludowych różnych grup społeczno-kulturowych, tworzących jej obecne etnicum; c) publikację książki będącej zbiorem relacji świadków czasu, osób pamiętających lata 1945–1947. Kwestia zmiany granic i przesiedleń ludności wciąż wywołuje emocje po stronie polskiej i niemieckiej. Tragedia ludności cywilnej – polskiej i niemieckiej – chociaż inna była jej geneza, jest taka sama: wykorzenienie, zmuszenie do pozostawienia swoich domów, droga w nieznane, tułaczka, choroby, śmierć to wspólny mianownik smutnych wydarzeń końca II wojny światowej. Rolą muzeum jest jak najpełniejsze, wolne od stereotypów i subiektywizmu, przybliżenie tej trudnej, często tragicznej historii.
EN
The article focuses on the issues of forced displacement of people from regions with high growth potential. The search for valuable mineral resources and available land for future commercial crops (such as soybeans) make the peripheral regions in developing countries, mostly inhabited by the farming population, including indigenous tribes (e.g. Indian) interesting object for the activities of criminal groups and guerillas supported by big global investors who intend to expand their business here. The obstacles are inhabitants of these lands, who do not have the right tools and the political force to defend themselves against aggression and displacement them forcibly from villages they inhabit. This phenomenon is analyzed here on the example of the department of Chocó in Colombia, which is rich in valuable raw materials (such as gold and platinum) and has a vast sparsely populated areas suitable for the introduction of export crops (such as palm oil, soybeans and others).
PL
Artykuł porusza kwestie przymusowych przesiedleń ludności z regionów o dużym potencjale rozwojowym. Poszukiwanie cennych surowców mineralnych oraz wolnych ziem pod przyszłe uprawy komercyjne (m.in. soi) sprawiają, że regiony peryferyjne w krajach rozwijających się, zamieszkane głównie przez ludność rolniczą, w tym plemiona tubylcze (np. Indian), stają się obiektem działań grup przestępczych wspieranych przez wielkich inwestorów globalnych, którzy zamierzają rozwijać tu swoją działalność. Na przeszkodzie stoją mieszkańcy tych ziem, którzy nie mają odpowiednich narzędzi i siły politycznej na to, żeby się bronić przed agresją i wypędzaniem ich pod przymusem z wiosek, które zamieszkują. Omawiane zjawisko analizowane jest tu na przykładzie departamentu Chocó w Kolumbii, który bogaty jest w cenne surowce (m.in. złoto i platynę) i posiada rozległe tereny słabo zaludnione, odpowiednie do wprowadzenia upraw eksportowych (m.in. palmy oleistej, soi).
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Uchodźca – literacki topos

57%
Porównania
|
2022
|
vol. 32
|
issue 2
47-65
DE
In dem Beitrag beschäftige ich mich mit der Darstellung des Flüchtlingsschicksal in deutschsprachiger Literatur. Es ist ersichtlich, dass die Flüchtlingsfigur ein Bindeglied zwischen der Exil-, der Migrations- und der Vertreibungsliteratur ist. Für die literaturwissenschaftliche Auseinandersetzung ist es produktiv, Figuren und Räume der Flucht herauszustellen, denn das kann zu der Aufhebung der Randstellung der Migrationsliteratur innerhalb der Gegenwartsliteratur führen.
EN
In the article I deal with the depiction of the fate of refugees in German-language literature. It is evident that the refugee figure is a link between exile, migration and displacement literature. It is productive for the literary debate to highlight figures and spaces of flight, because this can lead to the abolition of the marginal position of migration literature within contemporary literature.
PL
W artykule zajmuję się przedstawianiem losów uchodźców w literaturze niemieckojęzycznej. Widać, że postać uchodźcy jest łącznikiem między literaturą emigracyjną, migracyjną i wysiedleńczą. Literaturoznawcza analiza postaci uchodźcy i przestrzeni ucieczki może okazać się bardzo produktywna, gdyż może doprowadzić do zniesienia marginalnej pozycji literatury migracyjnej we współczesnej literaturze.  
PL
The paper aims at examining the influence of international legislations on the scope and content of the non-refoulement principle as articulated in the Polish law. Its shape on the Polish national ground is in fact a sum of influences stemming from external law systems. The article is based on the determination of three major sources of the refugee law that shape the content of the principle: public international law, European Union law and Polish national law. The Author first scrutinises the scope and content of the principle as laid down in crucial legislations belonging to these three sources which later enables their comparison and examination of the impact they make on one another in terms of conceptualisation of the principle of non-refoulement. The EU law reflects and specifies mechanisms established in the public international law which are further specified on a national ground. The final product is a national structure of the principle which is far more specific than the one known from the 1951 Refugee Convention that first stipulated it. The Author concludes with pointing at flaws and inaccuracies in a national articulation of the principle.
EN
In Polish and also in German law a housing community is entitled to sue the owner of premises and demand their sale by public auction. In both legal systems a resolution must be taken by a housing community and then the case must be referred to court. Grounds for an action, in accordance with Polish law, are as follows: long-term default by the owner on the payment of charges due, flagrant or persistent offence against the applicable order of house rules, inappropriate behaviour that makes the use of other premises or the common property burdensome. Under German law, grounds for a claim may be breach of the obligations incumbent on an owner to other owners of premises in such a blatant way that one cannot expect them to continue to maintain community with him. In both legal regimes, that legal remedy is of a unique and final nature and, therefore, is used when other solutions have produced no effect.
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