Search results

1

Nomen est omen: Investigating the dominance of nouns in word comprehension with eye movement analyses

100%

Furtner M., Rauthmann J., Sachse P.

Advances in Cognitive Psychology

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2009

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vol. 5

91-104

EN

Although nouns are easily learned in early stages of lexical development, their role in adult word and text comprehension remains unexplored thus far. To investigate the role of different word classes (open-class words: nouns, adjectives, verbs; closed-class words: pronouns, prepositions, conjunctions, etc.), 141 participants read a transposed German text while recording eye movements. Subsequently, participants indicated words they found difficult and reproduced the story. Then, participants were presented an untransposed text version while also tracking eye movements. Word difficulty, subjectively assessed by an interview and objectively by eye movement criteria (general fixation rate, number of fixations on specific words), text comprehension scores, and regressive fixations from one word class to another in the transposed text indicated that the noun was the most influential word class in enhancing the comprehension of other words. Developmental, intercultural, and neurophysiological aspects of noun dominance are discussed.

2

Sublexical Effects on Eye Movements During Repeated Reading of Words and Pseudowords in Finnish

100%

Hautala J., Hyönä J., Aro M., Lyytinen H.

Psychology of Language and Communication

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2011

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vol. 15

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issue 2

129-149

EN

The role of different orthographic units (letters, syllables, words) in reading of orthographically transparent Finnish language was studied by independently manipulating the number of letters (NoL) and syllables (NoS) in words and pseudowords and by recording eye movements during repeated reading aloud of these items. Fluent adult readers showed evidence for using larger orthographic units in (pseudo)word recoding, whereas dysfluent children seem to be stuck in a letter-based decoding strategy, as lexicality and item repetition decreased the NoL effect only among adult readers. The NoS manipulation produced weak repetition effects in both groups. However, dysfluent children showed evidence for word-specific knowledge by making fewer fixations on words than pseudowords; moreover, repetition effects were more noticeable for words than pseudowords, as indexed by shortened average fixation durations on words due to item repetition. The number of fixations was generally reduced by repetition among dysfluent children, suggesting familiarity-based benefits perhaps at the perceptual level of processing.

3

Effects of syntactic context on eye movements during reading

86%

Huestegge L., Bocianski D.

Advances in Cognitive Psychology

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2010

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vol. 6

79-87

EN

Previous research has demonstrated that properties of a currently fixated word and of adjacent words influence eye movement control in reading. In contrast to such local effects, little is known about global effects on eye movement control, for example global adjustments caused by processing difficulty of previous sentences. In the present study, participants read text passages in which voice (active vs. passive) and sentence structure (embedded vs. non-embedded) were manipulated. These passages were followed by identical target sentences. The results revealed effects of previous sentence structure on gaze durations in the target sentence, implying that syntactic properties of previously read sentences may lead to a global adjustment of eye movement control.

4

Wpływ złożoności obiektu i wielkości kąta rotacji na ruchy oczu podczas wykonywania rotacji umysłowej

86%

Bałaj B.

Roczniki Psychologiczne

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2015

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vol. 18

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issue 4

465-503

PL

Celem naukowym badania było poszukiwanie czynników modyfikujących ruchy oczu obserwowane podczas wykonywania zadania rotacji wyobrażeniowej. Z jednej strony poszukiwano różnic we wskaźnikach dotyczących ruchów oczu w fazie percepcji obiektu w pozycji wyjściowej i zrotowanej, z drugiej strony testowano wpływ złożoności obiektów na siłę podobieństwa między percepcją i wyobraźnią w czasach fiksacji wzroku w odpowiadających sobie regionach zainteresowania. Rezultaty pokazały dłuższe średnie czasy trwania, mniejszą liczbę i częstotliwość fiksacji wzroku podczas wyobrażania sobie obiektów w porównaniu z ich oglądaniem. Można zatem stwierdzić, że wyobrażenia wymagały dłuższego, głębszego przetwarzania danych, niż miało to miejsce podczas oglądania obiektu. Podobieństwo percepcji i wyobraźni pod względem czasów fiksacji wzroku w odpowiadających sobie regionach zainteresowania było silniejsze dla obiektów prostych w porównaniu ze złożonymi. Ponadto wykazano, że dla większych kątów rotacji liczba fiksacji była większa, a częstotliwość mniejsza w porównaniu z mniejszymi kątami, co wskazuje na wzrost odczuwanego poziomu trudności zadania i wzrost zaangażowania poznawczego wraz z rosnącym kątem rotacji.

EN

The scientific objective of the study was to identify factors modifying the eye movements observed during the performance of mental rotation tasks. On the one hand, differences were sought in indicators concerning eye movements between the phases of the perception of an object in the original and rotated positions; on the other hand, the study tested the influence of object complexity on the strength of similarity between perception and visualization in terms of the times of eye fixation in corresponding regions of interest. The results showed longer mean fixation times as well as a lower number and frequency of eye fixations when visualizing objects compared to viewing them. It can therefore be concluded that mental images required longer and deeper data processing than viewed objects did. The similarity of perception and visualization in terms of visual fixation times in corresponding regions of interest was stronger for simple objects than for complex ones. Moreover, it was demonstrated that for larger rotation angles the number of fixations was higher and their frequency was lower compared to smaller angles, which suggests an increase in perceived task difficulty and an increase in cognitive engagement with the increase in rotation angle.

5

Tracking artistic transformations : comparing paintings and their source photographs

72%

Adámek P., Grygarová D., Lukavský J., Kesner L.

Československá psychologie (Czechoslovak Psychology)

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2019

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vol. 63

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issue 3

337-353

EN

This eye-tracking study was designed to analyze the effect of artistic transformation of a photographic image to a painting on oculomotor behavior. The study employed unique set of stimuli, consisting of paintings and photographs used by authors of the paintings as direct source images. First, the differences in basic eye movement measurements and the explored area were investigated. In paintings, viewers moved their eyes quicker, and viewing was more dispersive. Second, relationship between the basic eye movement measurements and stylistic features (complexity, style expressivity and dynamism) as well as the top-down factor of expertise were analyzed. Furthermore, fixation maps of paintings versus photographs were compared and significant shifts were identified. The difference in fixation maps can be interpreted as a behavioral index of artistic transformations, including artist’s intention (AI). In the light of the theoretical background of AI that includes even motor acts, the idea of using oculomotor behavior as an index of viewer’s inference of AI was introduced.

CS

Tato eye-trackingová studie byla navržena tak, aby byla schopna zachytit efekt umělecké transformace fotografických předloh do maleb a její vliv na okulomotorické chování divákova pohledu. Unikátní set stimulů sestával z maleb a fotografií, které sloužily autorům obrazů jako obrazový zdroj pro jejich tvorbu. Mezi zdrojovými fotografiemi a malbou byly pomocí statistické analýzy naměřených dat nalezeny signifikantní rozdíly v bazálních očních pohybech (BOP) a celkově prostudované ploše stimulu. U maleb byla rychlost očních pohybů vyšší a celkový pohled diváka byl rozptýlenější. Na modulaci BOP se kromě celkové komplexity malby podílela i míra divákovy umělecké expertízy. Dále byly nalezeny signifikantní rozdíly ve srovnání fixačních map maleb oproti fotografiím. Tyto rozdíly mezi fixačními mapami mohou být interpretovány jako index umělecké transformace fotografie do malby, obsahující i složku umělecké intence. Ve světle teoretického pozadí umělecké intence, která v sobě zahrnuje i motorické akty umělce, je představena možnost použít záznam okulomotorického chování jako ukazatele divákovy inference umělecké intence. Tato možnost je ilustrována na třech případových studiích.

6

The First Hundred Years: a History of Eye Tracking as a Research Method

72%

Płużyczka M.

Applied Linguistics Papers

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2018

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issue 25/4

101-116

EN

The paper describes the first hundred years of the history of eye tracking as a research method, dividing it into three phases of development. It starts by presenting the studies on tracing eye movements in reading in the end of the 19th century and the creation of the first eye trackers. The further part presents how the eye tracking technology was improved in the time of film recordings, ceasing to be invasive for the eyes. It also shows how in this time the main focus of research shifted to practical aspects due to the development of the behaviourist movement in experimental psychology. The third phase starts in the 1970s, when researchers turned more towards the dependence between the perception and mental processes. It was linked to the establishment of a theoretical and methodological basis for cognitive psychology.

7

English language fluency and the way Polish school students work with English textbook material on the example of two students

58%

Andrychowicz-Trojanowska A., Andrychowicz-Trojanowska A.

Kwartalnik Neofilologiczny

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2018

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issue 4

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