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First Results from Verification of Psychometric Properties of D. Lennick’s and F. Kiel’s MCI Questionnaire for Measuring Moral Intelligence in Slovak Conditions

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Kaliská L.
The New Educational Review
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2014
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vol. 37
257-268
EN
The scientific study theoretically and empirically verifies the new construct of moral intelligence. Following its theoretical analysis, it offers the first findings from verification of psychometric properties of the tool for measuring moral intelligence, the Moral Competence Inventory (MCI) by D. Lennick and F. Kiel. Factor analysis of the Slovak version of the MCI proved the existence of 15 factors with acceptable variability, which, however, is not in agreement with 10 factors determined by the authors. Also, its insufficient reliability (in terms of internal consistency and stability of results in time (test-retest reliability estimate)) indicates that the current form of the MCI should be subjected to further scientific-research verification.
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THE MEASUREMENT OF OPTIMISM: THE PSYCHOMETRIC PROPERTIES OF THE HUNGARIAN VERSION OF THE REVISED LIFE ORIENTATION TEST (LOT–R)

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Bérdi M., Köteles F.
Magyar Pszichologiai Szemle (Hungarian Psychological Review)
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2010
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vol. 65
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issue 2
273-294
EN
The Life Orientation Test (LOT), developed by Scheier and Carver (1985), is the most widely used measure of trait optimism. The predictive power of optimism for (physical) health (i.e. number of physical symptoms, speed of recovery, mortality and immune functions) was proved in a number of studies. However, the original (LOT) and revised (LOT–R) versions of the measure, and the construct of optimism have been and are criticized by many. These critiques include, on the one hand, the factor structure of the scale, and, on the other hand, the discriminant validity of trait optimism, i.e. the third variable problem. After the brief review of the scale and the construct, and their critiques, we present the validity and reliability data, and the results of our exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis of the sample data. The computed psychometric properties suggest that the Hungarian version of the LOT–R exhibits a good level of reliability and validity, but data bearing on its factor structure did not support unambiguously either the scale’s uni- or multidimensionality.
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Identifikácia stratégií zvládania nespravodlivosti v partnerskom vzťahu

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Rovenská D., Lovaš L.
Psychologie a její kontexty
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2017
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vol. 8
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issue 2
57–72
EN
Problem. Injustice appraisals follow from (a) believing that somebody‘s entitlement has been violated and (b) attributing responsibility and blame for this fact to some other agents than the person affected (Mikula, Scherer, & Athenstaedt, 1998). Social justice research has shown that people respond with negative attitudes and behaviors when they perceive unjust situations. The tradition of socio-psychological research in the context of injustice is focused on two main ways of possible responses, specifically behavioral or cognitive responses (Törnblom, 1977). However, coping with injustice in intimate relationships is a specific topic. This fact has negatively affected the amount of relevant sources in this research area. Just few previous studies were focused on the analysis of coping strategies that people use when they have been harmed by a loved one. For example, Pearlin and Schooler (1978) argue coping strategies involve: (1) self-reliance vs. advice seeking, (2) controlled reflectiveness vs. emotional discharge, (3) positive comparisons, (4) negotiation, (5) self-assertion vs. passive forebearance, (6) selective ignoring. Methods. The contribution is dealing with the development of a questionnaire to identify coping strategies used in injustice situations in intimate relationships. The intention was also focused on define the character of identified strategies in relation to: (1) the classic coping strategies which reflect coping with injustice in individual way (using Brief COPE; Carver, 1997) and (2) the coping strategies which imply the synergistic effect (using Rahim Organizational Conflict Inventory II - ROCI II; Rahim & Magner, 1995). 207 participants with an average age of 26.77 years (SD = 4.72) were involved in the research. Results and discussion. Factor solution pointed to five factors with satisfactory internal consistency (1) cooperation (? = 0.848), (2) assertivity (? = 0.815), (3) revenge (? = 0.650), (4) instrumental support (? = 0.700), (5) nonchalance (? = 0.712). Character of the items noted that respondents‘ answers did not include just strategies which are used to cope with injustice in individual way (subjective reduction of consequences arising from injustice), but especially revealed strategies that describe coping in the frame of interaction (the synergistic nature of coping). The identified coping strategies correlated with two other constructs (Brief COPE, ROCI II) in varying degrees. This fact highlights the relevance of conceptualisation of coping with injustice in intimate relationships as a multidimensional construct which has important role in series of classic coping questionnaires (that are not able to capture the subtle differences in coping implying interaction process).
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Česká adaptace dotazníku Multidimensional Health Locus of Control Scale: konfirmační faktorová analýza a invariance měření

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Kostolanská E., Řiháček T., Stehlíková J., Cígler H.
Československá psychologie (Czechoslovak Psychology)
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2020
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vol. 64
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issue 5
521-534
EN
Aim. Measuring patients’ health-related beliefs is of high importance in health care. The aim of the study was to test the factor structure of the Czech version of the Multidimensional Health Locus of Control Scale (MHLCS) Form B and its measurement invariance. Method. N = 549 adults answered the MHLCS in an online survey. A confirmatory factor analysis was conducted to test three competing models based on previous studies and to assess measurement invariance of the MHLCS across gender, age, and time (six months). Results. None of the hypothesized models fit the data; therefore, a modified three-factor model was proposed that demonstrated an acceptable fit and was strictly invariant with respect to gender, age, and time. A small age effect was found on the Powerful Others and Chance factors. Conclusion. The Czech MHLCS can be considered a valid and reliable measure, except for the Chance factor, which had low reliability.
CS
Cíl. Měření přesvědčení, která se vztahují ke zdraví, má u pacientů ve zdravotnictví velký význam. Cílem studie bylo ověřit faktorovou strukturu české verze dotazníku Multidimensional Health Locus of Control Scale (MHLCS, verze B) a její invarianci. Metoda. N = 549 dospělých respondentů vyplnilo MHLCS v online průzkumu. Pomocí konfirmační faktorové analýzy byly ověřovány tři modely založené na předchozích studiích a dále byla ověřována invariance měření v závislosti na pohlaví, věku a času (šest měsíců). Výsledky. Žádný z navržených modelů nevykazoval dostatečnou shodu s daty. Proto byl navržen modifikovaný třífaktorový model, který vykázal přijatelnou shodu s daty a byl striktně invariantní ve vztahu k pohlaví, věku i času. U faktorů Vlivní druzí a Náhoda byl nalezen slabý efekt věku. Závěr. Českou verzi MHLCS lze považovat za validní a reliabilní nástroj, s výjimkou faktoru Náhoda, který vykazoval nízkou reliabilitu.
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Cooper-Norcross Inventory of Preferences (C-NIP): psychometric characteristics of the Czech version

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Řiháček T., Mikutová M.
Československá psychologie (Czechoslovak Psychology)
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2022
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vol. 66
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issue 2
145-156
EN
Objective. The Cooper-Norcross Inventory of Preferences (C-NIP) is a new and promising tool for measuring clients’ preferences regard-ing psychotherapy. However, the psychometric evaluation of this measure is scarce in general and completely missing for the Czech adapta-tion of the measure. This study aimed to test the Czech version of the C-NIP factor structure, test its measurement invariance, and establish cut points. Methods.N = 772 adults answered the C-NIP in an online survey. Confirmatory and explora-tory factor analyses were used to test the fac-tor structure and assess the C-NIP measurement invariance between men and women and across several levels of psychotherapy experience.Results. The original four-factor model was not supported. Instead, a five-factor model was sug-gested that fit the data adequately and was strict-ly invariant with respect to gender and levels of experience with psychotherapy. Conclusions. The Czech C-NIP can be con-sidered a valid and reliable measure of clients’ preferences regarding psychotherapy. The repli-cation of the new factor model is needed.
CS
Cíl. Cooper-Norcross Inventory of Preferences (C-NIP) představuje nejnovější a slibný nástroj určený k měření preferencí klientů ve vztahu k psychoterapii. Psychometrické zhodnocení to-hoto nástroje je však zatím sporé a u české verze zcela chybí. Cílem této studie bylo ověřit fakto-rovu strukturu české verze C-NIP, ověřit invari-anci měření a stanovit hraniční skóry. Metody.N = 772 dospělých respondentů vypl-nilo C-NIP v online průzkumu. K ověření fak-torové struktury a invariance měření mezi po-hlavími a napříč různými úrovněmi zkušenosti s psychoterapií byla použita konfirmační fakto-rový analýza. Výsledky. Původní faktorová struktura nebyla podpořena. Namísto toho byl navržen pětifak-torový model, který vykazoval adekvátní shodu s daty a byl striktně invariantní ve vztahu k po-hlaví i úrovni zkušenosti s psychoterapií. Závěr. Českou verzi C-NIP lze považovat za validní a reliabilní nástroj na měření preferencí klientů ve vztahu k psychoterapii. Je zapotřebí replikovat navrženou faktorovou strukturu.
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Hong psychological reactance scale: factorial structure and measurement invariance of the Czech version

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Stehlíková J., Řiháček T., Kostolanská E., Cígler H.
Československá psychologie (Czechoslovak Psychology)
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2020
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vol. 64
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issue 6
656-667
EN
Objective. Psychological reactance is a construct of high practical utility in health care and other areas. However, no clear consensus has been achieved regarding its structure. This study aimed to test the factor structure of the Czech version of the Hong Psychological Reactance Scale (HPRS) and to test its measurement invariance. Methods. N = 544 adults answered the HPRS in an online survey. Confirmatory factor analysis was used to test five competing models based on previous studies and to assess the measurement invariance of the HPRS across gender and age. Results. None of the hypothesized models fit the data. Authors proposed a new bifactor model that fit the data adequately and was strictly invariant with respect to gender, but not across two age groups. Conclusions. The Czech HPRS can be considered a reliable measure of the general reactance across both genders but caution must be exercised when comparing reactance across different age groups. Replication of the new model is needed.
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Cíl. Psychologická reaktance je velmi užitečným konstruktem ve zdravotnictví a dalších oblastech. Zatím však nepanuje jednoznačná shoda ohledně jeho struktury. Cílem této studie bylo ověřit faktorovou strukturu české verze Hongovy škály psychologické reaktance (HPRS) a její invarianci. Metody. N = 544 dospělých respondentů vyplnilo HPRS v online průzkumu. Pomocí konfirmační faktorové analýzy bylo ověřováno pět modelů založených na předchozích studiích, a dále invariance měření ve vztahu k pohlaví a věku. Výsledky. Žádný z navrhovaných modelů nevykazoval dostatečnou shodu s daty. Proto byl navržen nový bifaktorový model, který vykazoval dostatečnou shodu s daty a striktní invarianci vzhledem k pohlaví, ne však k věku. Závěry. Českou verzi HPRS lze považovat za spolehlivé měřítko obecné reaktance u obou pohlaví, ale při porovnávání míry reaktance mezi různými věkovými skupinami je zapotřebí opatrnosti. Je nutná replikace nového modelu.
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A confirmatory factor analysis for an adapted and validated Polish version of the Chalder Fatigue Questionnaire

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Zdun-Ryżewska A., Basiński K., Michalik A.
International Journal of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Health
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2019
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vol. 33
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issue 1
67-76
EN
ObjectivesThe Chalder Fatigue Questionnaire (CFQ) was developed to measure fatigue in 2 dimensions: physical and mental. The aim of the study was to translate, adapt and evaluate the psychometric properties of the Polish version of the CFQ (CFQ-PL).Material and MethodsThe process of translation was conducted using a forward and backward translation procedure. After cultural adaptation, the psychometric properties of the CFQ-PL were evaluated. Participants of the study were healthy individuals: medical students (N = 304) and pregnant women (pregnancy without complications, N = 925). The reliability and validity were estimated using fatigue numerical rating scales, the Beck Depression Inventory and the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory. To examine the factor structure of the CFQ-PL, a confirmatory factor analysis was conducted.ResultsThe internal consistency of the CFQ-PL was similar to the original version (Cronbach’s α 0.85–0.91). Statistically significant correlations between the CFQ-PL and the current fatigue level, average fatigue and the sleepiness level (measured using numerical rating scales), as well as the intensity of depression and anxiety symptoms, all confirming the validity of the adapted scale. Using a confirmatory factor analysis, it was determined that a 1-factor model did not fit the data well. A 2-factor model with a correlation between mental and physical factors fitted better than the 1-factor model, yet fit indices revealed a poor fit. Using a 2-factor model with added covariance between items – 1 (problems with fatigue), 2 (resting more), 9 (slips of the tongue), 10 (finding the correct word) – resulted in acceptable fit indices in both groups of participants.ConclusionsAfter the process of translation, adaptation and validation of the CFQ-PL, it is now available for use under Polish conditions. This study provided evidence for structural validity of the 2-factor model of the 11-item version.
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Psychometric evaluation of the Clinical Outcome in Routine Evaluation - General Population: Czech version

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Klocek A., Řiháček T., Cígler H.
Československá psychologie (Czechoslovak Psychology)
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2021
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vol. 65
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issue 2
163-177
EN
Objectives. This study aimed to assess psychometric properties, such as reliability, construct validity, and cut-off scores, for the Czech version of the Clinical Outcome in Routine Evaluation – General Population (GP-CORE) questionnaire, a tool usable for repeated measurement of psychological distress within routine clinical settings. Participants and setting. Two general populations and one clinical sample were used with N values of 420, 394, and 345, respectively. Hypotheses. One of the competing theoretical factor solutions will demonstrate the best fit. Statistical analysis. To examine the factor structure of the GP-CORE, a confirmatory multidimensional item response theory analysis (graded response model) was employed. Results. The best fitting model was a bifactor solution representing one content domain of overall distress and two item wording domains (positively and negatively worded items). Clinical cut-off scores were determined to be 1.85 (men) and 1.90 (women). Study limitations. The GP-CORE can be used as an unidimensional measure of overall distress, but users have to be aware of the influence of positive vs. negative item wording on the responses.
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Cíle. Tato studie si kladla za cíl zhodnotit psychometrické vlastnosti české verze škály Clinical Outcome in Routine Evaluation - General Population (GP-CORE), konkrétně poskytnout informace o reliabilitě, konstruktové validitě a klinickém cut-off skóru. GP-CORE je nástroj využitelný pro opakované měření psychologického stresu. Vzorek a design. Byly využity tři vzorky respondentů, z nichž dva pocházely z obecné (N = 420 a 394) a jeden z klinické populace (N = 345). Hypotézy. Jedno z faktorových řešení bude mít superiorní fit oproti ostatním. Statistické analýzy. K ověření faktorové struktury GP-CORE bylo využito konfirmační multidimenzionální teorie odpovědi na položku (graded response model). Výsledky. Jako finální model byl zvolen bi-faktorový model reprezentující obecný obsahový faktor distresu a dva metodické faktory způsobené pozitivní a negativní formulací položek. Kromě toho, že vykazoval nejlepší fit, byl také dobře teoreticky interpretovatelný. Klinický cut-off skór pro průměrnou hodnotu napříč položkami byl ustanoven na 1,85 pro muže a 1,90 pro ženy. Limity. GP-CORE lze využít jako jednodimenzionální nástroj pro měření obecného psychologického stresu, ale uživatelé by si měli být vědomi také možného vlivu pozitivní či negativní formulace položek na odpovědi respondentů.
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Morálna inteligencia v kontexte verifikovania psychometrických vlastností dotazníka na jej meranie a vybraných demografických ukazovateľov v slovenských podmienkach

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Kaliská L.
Psychologie a její kontexty
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2014
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vol. 5
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issue 1
15-28
EN
The interest in intelligence construct operationalization is reflected in construction upon new intelligence concepts analyzing it in a wider social context. This scientific study offers the theoretical and empirical analysis of a newly created construct of moral intelligence. Moral intelligence concept was founded in the Multiple Intelligence Theory of H. Gardner (1985), being followed by L. Kuckovsky, A. Dobrin, V. Di Norcia and others in historical-philosophical-evolution-theological context, by D. Lennick, F. Kiel, C. Veach and others in successful management context and by A. Hass, M. Borba, R. Coles, J. Bradshaw and others in school-counselling context. Subsequently moral intelligence is defined as an individual's ability to solve ethical problems ethically right. The application of ethical principles in successful business management formed a theoretical base for moral intelligence characterized by D. Lennick a F. Kiel (2008). They created also a self-report questionnaire Moral Competence Inventory (MCI) to assess personal moral competences as a base of moral intelligence. The study provides the results of psychometrical properties (factor structure and reliability in the sense of inner consistency and test-retest result stability) of the Slovak, the only available, questionnaire for moral intelligence assessment at a chosen adolescent research sample (N=209). It also analyses the differences in total moral intelligence level and two newly extracted factors (personal and social moral competences) in relation to gender, age and religious believes referring to the fact the MCI authors presupposed that there is no relation between moral competences and demographic factors (gender, age, nationality or religion, 2005). The findings prove the significant differences in the overall level of moral intelligence (p≤0,01) and in factors of personal (Standing up for what is right (Courage), p≤0,01) and social (Helping others (Service), p≤0,01 and Actively caring about others (Kindness and Friendliness), p≤0,001) moral competences in favor of girls and in personal moral factors (Telling the truth (Honesty), Standing up for what is right (Courage) and Keeping promises (Trustworthy), p≤0,01) in favor of older students (confirmed also by Cohen's effect size measure) assessed by the Slovak version of MCI questionnaire with its sufficient reliability (test-retest result stability (0,591≤R≤0,745) and inner consistency of two extracted factors (0,70≤α)). There were no significant differences between two groups of religious and non-religious ones in their moral competences, besides expected declared religious interest of believers in Recognizing spiritual needs (Faith and reverence) factor (p≤0,001). The study is being considered as a pilot study for further psychometrical property verification of the MCI Slovak version by other validating researches to prove the legitimacy of this questionnaire usage for psychological diagnostic purposes.
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Lista Kontrolna Zaburzenia Osobowości z Pogranicza (BPD): ocena psychometryczna i struktura czynnikowa w próbie klinicznej i nieklinicznej

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Bloo J., Arnoud A., Schouten E.
Roczniki Psychologiczne
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2017
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vol. 20
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issue 2
281-336
PL
Badanie dotyczyło diagnozy i konceptualizacji osobowości borderline (BPD) za pomocą Listy Kontrolnej Osobowości z Pogranicza (Listy Kontrolnej BPD). Lista Kontrolna BPD jest opartym na systemie DSM-IV kwestionariuszem samoopisowym, stworzonym do pomiaru natężenia dolegliwości doświadczanych w związku z określonymi objawami osobowości z pogranicza w ciągu ostatniego miesiąca. Udział w badaniu wzięło 140 pacjentów z osobowością z pogranicza, 55 pacjentów z zaburzeniami osobowości typu C, 57 pacjentów cierpiących tylko na zaburzenia psychiczne z osi I, oraz 87 osób stanowiących niekliniczną grupę kontrolną. Badano właściwości psychometryczne Listy Kontrolnej BPD i zmiany zachodzące podczas leczenia. Konfirmacyjne analizy czynnikowe pierwszego rzędu przeprowadzone dla Listy Kontrolnej BPD na siedmiu wymiarowych modelach osobowości z pogranicza potwierdziły zarówno model 1-czynnikowy, jak i 9-czynnikowy, oparty na kryteriach DSM-IV. Stwierdzono bardzo dobrą spójność wewnętrzną, a także trafność teoretyczną, diagnostyczną i różnicową. Określono normy kliniczne i punkty odcięcia o wysokiej czułości i swoistości. Kwestionariusz jest narzędziem odpowiednim do badań przesiewowych i pomiaru efektów terapii, ponieważ okazał się czuły na zmiany.
EN
The present study examined the assessment and conceptualization of borderline personality disorder with the Borderline Personality Disorder Checklist (BPD Checklist). The BPD Checklist is a DSM-IV based self-report questionnaire, designed to assess the experienced burden of specific BPD symptoms during the previous month. The participants in the study were 140 BPD patients, 55 Cluster C personality disorder patients, 57 patients with only Axis I psychopathology, and 87 nonclinical controls. The psychometric properties of the BPD Checklist and changes during treatment were assessed. First-order confirmatory factor analyses using the BPD Checklist items on seven dimensional BPD models supported both a one-dimensional BPD model and a nine-dimensional one, the latter based on the DSM-IV criteria. Internal consistency as well as construct, concurrent, and discriminant validity proved to be very good. Clinical norms and cutoff scores with high sensitivity and specificity were derived. The questionnaire is suitable as a screening instrument and treatment outcome measure since it proved to be sensitive to change.
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Česká verze škály intrapersonální zvídavosti (InC) u adolescentů: základní psychometrické vlastnosti

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Friedlová M., Vaculčíková Sedláčková Z., Charvát M.
Československá psychologie (Czechoslovak Psychology)
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2021
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vol. 65
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issue 5
426-439
EN
The aim of the study was to translate the Intrapersonal Curiosity Scale (InC) into the Czech language and to verify its factor structure and psychometric properties on the sample of grammar school students in the Czech Republic. The Intrapersonal Curiosity Scale InC is a 12-item tool that measures the tendency to inquisitively explore own identity and inner experience in order to better understand own inner self. The sample consisted of 1020 participants, of which 353 (34.6%) were boys, 665 (65.2%) were girls, and two participants (0.2%) did not state their sex or age. The authors compared several considered models using CFA. The results suggest that the original theoretical model, which calculates the total InC score as the sum of three mutually correlated subscales EPI, ROP and UEM, is still uncertain in the Czech version verified on a group of adolescents. In the authorsʼ opinion, the version with three factors with minor corrections fits to the data best of all compared models, although with a lack of evidence for the unidimensionality of the overall InC scale. In this model, verification of the weak invariance of the measurements was achieved when comparing girls and boys using MGCFA. Significant correlations of latent scores of EPI, ROP and UEM subscales with other assessed constructs were found.
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Cílem studie bylo adaptovat Škálu intrapersonální zvídavosti (Intrapersonal Curiosity, InC) do českého jazyka a ověřit její faktorovou struk-turu a psychometrické vlastnosti na souboru studentů gymnázií v České republice. Škála intrapersonální zvídavosti InC je 12položkovým nástrojem, který zachycuje tendenci zvídavě zkoumat svoji identitu a vlastní prožívání s cílem lépe porozumět vlastnímu nitru. Výběrový soubor tvořilo celkem 1020 participantů, z toho bylo 353 chlapců (34,6 %), 665 dívek (65,2 %) a dva participanti (0,2 %) svůj gender ani věk neuvedli. V rámci analýz autoři pomocí CFA porovnávali několik uvažovaných modelů. Výsledky naznačují, že původní teoretický model, který počítá celkový skór InC jakou součet tří vzájemně korelovaných subškál EPI, ROP a UEM, je u české verze ověřované na souboru adolescentů nejistý. Verze se třemi faktory dle názoru autorů odpovídá s drobnými korekcemi datům nejlépe ze všech porovnávaných modelů, byť s nedostatkem důkazů pro unidimenzionalitu celkové škály InC. Na tomto modelu bylo dosaženo ověření slabé invariance měření při porovnávání dívek a chlapců pomocí MGCFA. Byly nalezeny významné korelace latentních skórů subškál EPI, ROP a UEM s ostatními posuzovanými konstrukty.
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Opracowanie i walidacja eksperymentalnej polskiej wersji skróconej Kwestionariusza Schematów Younga (YSQ-ES-PL) do badania wczesnych schematów dezadaptacyjnych

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Staniaszek K., Popiel A.
Roczniki Psychologiczne
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2017
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vol. 20
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issue 2
373-427
PL
Kwestionariusz Schematów Younga (YSQ) służy do pomiaru nasilenia wczesnych schematów dezadaptacyjnych wiązanych z przejawami zaburzeń psychicznych, szczególnie zaburzeń osobowości. Przeprowadzono, analogiczną do oryginalnej, procedurę skrócenia polskiej wersji YSQ oraz określono właściwości psychometryczne opracowanego narzędzia poprzez analizę rzetelności i trafności (N = 1073). W drugiej części badania zweryfikowano strukturę czynnikową metodą konfirmacyjnej analizy czynnikowej w grupie z Badania 1 oraz w niezależnej grupie (N = 898). Zmniejszono liczbę pozycji w kwestionariuszu z 232 do 90 – po 5 w każdej z 18 skal odpowiadających poszczególnym schematom. Uzyskano adekwatne i wysokie współczynniki spójności wewnętrznej skal oraz skali ogólnej. Ogólna miara schematów była pozytywnie związana z przekonaniami charakterystycznymi dla wszystkich zaburzeń osobowości, badanych Kwestionariuszem Przekonań PBQ. Nasilenie schematów (poza skalą „Samopoświęcenie”) istotnie różnicowało osoby z grupy klinicznej (N = 31) i nieklinicznej (N = 1042). Potwierdzono również teoretyczną strukturę czynnikową narzędzia, chociaż słabość niektórych miar dopasowania sugeruje konieczność dalszych badań. Uzyskane wyniki dostarczają podstaw do wykorzystania eksperymentalnej polskiej wersji skróconej Kwestionariusza Schematów Younga jako miary nasilenia wczesnych schematów dezadaptacyjnych.
EN
The Young Schema Questionnaire (YSQ) measures the intensity of early maladaptive schemas connected with symptoms of mental disorders, particularly personality disorders. We conducted a procedure of shortening the Polish version of the YSQ, analogous to the original one, and determined the psychometric properties of the instrument thus developed by performing a reliability and validity analysis (n = 1.073). In the second part of the study we tested the factor structure of the YSQ using confirmatory factor analysis in the sample from Study 1 and an independent group (n = 898). We reduced the number of items in the questionnaire from 232 to 90 – leaving five items in each of the 18 scales corresponding to specific schemas. We obtained adequate and high internal consistency coefficients for each subscale and for the whole instrument. The overall measure of schemas was positively associated with beliefs characteristic for all personality disorders measured by the Personality Beliefs Questionnaire (PBQ). The intensity of the schemas (except the Self-Sacrifice scale) significantly differentiated participants from the clinical (n = 31) and nonclinical groups (n = 1,042). We also confirmed the theoretical factor structure of the instrument, although the weakness of some measures of fit suggests the need for further research. The obtained results support the use of the experimental short Polish version of the Young Schema Questionnaire as a measure of early maladaptive schemas.
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