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EN
The author of the article gives her own vision of classification of definitions of methods of lie and their psychological features. In her view the process of distortion of facts and events or false, distorted massage of information is possible in various ways, among which there should be identified: fiction (legend, misinformation, exaggeration, fantasy, illusion), lies (fraud, falsification, exchange, slander, hypocrisy, provocation, perjury, bluff, manipulation, disguise), “white lie”, silencing (concealment, secrecy), self-deception, mutual deception. These ways of distortion of facts and events or false, distorted massage of information should be classified by: 1) the number of deceived (interpersonal, group, inter-group), 2) the direction of action (direct and indirect), 3) intent (to get the benefit, enjoyment, pleasure; deterministic noble purposes); 4) the motivational orientation (student-directed (in favor of oneself) and socio-directed (in favor of others), personal-social-directed (for the benefit of both parties); 5) functions (contact, information, safety, self-presentation) 6), duration (long-term, short-term); 7) the object of direction (towards yourself (self-deception), other); 8) signs (intangible, tangible); 9) strategy (to achieve a certain result, or to avoid unwanted consequences). The tendency of the person to distort the facts and events or false, distorted massage of information is determined by the falsity which should be viewed as the ability or trait of character accentuation symptom of mental illness.
EN
The Act of 11th March 2016 changed the Art.233 C.C. A new mitigated type of false testimony was introduced (when a wrong doer does his/her act because od threat of criminal responsibility) and involuntary type of false expert testimony. The punishment for the basic type was raised. The article presents critical view about the change. It deals also with some comparatistic aspects.
PL
Ustawą z dnia 11 marca 2016 r. zostały wprowadzone zmiany do art. 233 k.k. Dodano typ uprzywilejowany przestępstwa składania fałszywych zeznań, gdy sprawca czyni to z obawy przed grożącą mu odpowiedzialnością karną, oraz typ nieumyślnego sporządzenia fałszywej opinii przez biegłego, eksperta lub tłumacza. Podniesiono również karę za typ podstawowy. Artykuł przedstawia stanowisko krytyczne wobec tych zmian. Prezentuje również uwagi o charakterze prawnoporównawczym.
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