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EN
The article focuses on the process of documenting handicrafts in the local communities of rural areas through the use of buildings formerly housing a blueprint workshop in the village of Hranovnica. the first section focuses on the specific attributes of handicraft buildings and compares individual buildings within an urban context (where crafts represented a key means of providing a livelihood) with those in rural areas (where, in addition to their craft, local handicraftsmen were also concerned with their primary activity, i.e. farming). The aforementioned blueprint workshop in Hranovnica is a good example of the architectural aspects of these buildings, which simultaneously document farming and handicrafts, and as we show, also reveal renovations due to economic and socio-cultural development. The article further contains arguments with regard to the possible use of such buildings as so-called ‘technical landmarks’ to document the history and development of local handicrafts from the point of view of present-day applied ethnology (especially ethnographic museology).
EN
The research on the panel of 6,173 farms keeping accounts compliant with the Polish FADN methodology focused on the correlations between subsidies and economic and financial effectiveness in 2005-2010. The traditional ratio analysis showed that the significance of budgetary support in the shaping of the aforementioned effectiveness decreases along with an increase in the extent of conducted activity. The difference in the level od subsidies is, however, considerable between individual production types of farms. Moreover, it turned out that the farms receiving the highest support (farms with field crops, mixed crops and farms keeping ruminants) did not have a directly proportional advantage as regards effectiveness as compared to the farms the least dependent on budgetary support (horticulture and farms keeping granivores). Further on, the regressive calculations showed that the three examined levels of subsidies were most often negatively correlated with effectiveness. There are no, however, clear, in statistical terms, relations between effectiveness and decoupling of budgetary support from agricultural production.
EN
A farm may be a subject of fractional joint ownership. Due to the exceptional social and economic importance of this property, separate special provisions concern the abolition of the joint ownership of a farm. The subject matter of the study is an analysis of the institution of rights to continued residence on a farm after the abolition of its joint ownership, i.e. their subject, object, contents, nature, method of acquisition, transferability and encumbrance.
EN
The subject of this article is the analysis of legal article regulating administrative proceedings in award of a structural pension. The description of this proceedings model is conducted pursuant to a constitution. The legislator passed the special principles of administrative proceedings. It brought changes in relation to the regulations included in the Administrative Procedure Code, what caused deterioration of the party status. The author criticizes the limitation of bodies to reach the acceleration of proceedings.
EN
Agricultural law making, including the regulations of farm sales and agricultural estate sales, is a special subject in the development of new civil law codifications. The attention was concentrated on answering the question, if the definition or precise formulation of the premise conditioning the division of a farm is needed or, just the opposite; the premise should be replaced by a more open formula? The rationality of the farm division must be considered by referring to many criteria, those reflecting the current European law. The criteria should be determined by problems resulting from the profitability of agriculture, requirements of natural environment, protection of unique values of country landscape, balanced and multifunctional development of rural areas, social or educational policy. Therefore, the criteria accepting the natural farm division, in line with a modern agricultural concept tending to a development policy of rural areas, should account for the ecological, cultural, social or psychological aspect of the operation of farms, in addition to the financial, production and family aspects. The assumption of the need for functional harmonization and correlation can be effected by the law maker by the use of a general ”economically vital farm” phrase, to be made more precise in concrete circumstances, in regard to the production, financial, ecological and social properties of the division object.
EN
The aim of the research is to compare the level of farm equipment with agricultural machinery and devices improving production as well as to evaluate the quality of the equipment measured by its age, in Małopolska region and in south Lithuania. The empirical material constituted the results of the survey in 2017 in 144 farms in Małopolska and 70 farms in Lithuania. Questions taken into account in the research concerned power and age of tractors and combines, number of chosen machines and agricultural devices used according to the farm profile. The analysis of the material completed after the survey allows for the conclusion that the structure of technical equipment of farms both in Małopolska anf south Lithuania has undergone positive changes, especially in case of farms of average and large areas (15–20 hectares of arable land and >20 hectares of arable land). These farms, having the opportunity of easier access to credits and investment subventions, try to introduce general changes within machinery backup. At the same time the oldest equipment – often used more than 20 years, finds its place in farms of smallest areas of arable land.
EN
The paper aims at assessment of support from public funds to investment activity of farms and determining the possibilities of funding the implemented investments without public aid. The research was held in 2012 among 129 farms, which in 2004–2011 benefited from public financial aid in their investment activity. The selected farms were researched with the use of interview questionnaire concerning organisation of farms, obtained economic results and assessment of executed investments. To determine the possibilities of financing investments at researched farms without the public financial aid the linear programming method was used to develop models of farms, where public financial aid was replaced with commercial loan or own monetary funds, if possible. It was decided that public aid in financing investments should be directed at farms likely to develop, which are not able to finance investments without public aid. Farms, which are too small to guarantee independent development in the future, or too large, which can gather up funds for investments without public aid, should be excluded from the support.
EN
The purpose of the article is to indicate and assess the impact of the legal regulations specifying the rights and obligations of the owner of agricultural land with trees and forest land included in the farm in the context of the activity conducted on that farm and environmental protection. The issues in question are wide, therefore the article focuses primarily on the afforestation of agricultural lands. It presents the evolution of legal regulations and the rights and obligations of agricultural producers who have afforested, including the maintenance of forests. The paper refers also to the law on the protection of agricultural and forest lands. Additionally, the paper discusses the permission to remove trees from the farmland and selected regulations concerning the subject of trees in the farms in the civil code and tax laws. In the conclusions the author states that the legislator tries to support, on the one hand, the protection of the environment (e.g. enlarging the forest area, quantitative and qualitative protection of forest land) and, on the other hand, the activity of an agricultural producer in this area by means of financial instruments (financial means related to afforestation of agricultural land, tax exemptions, compensation for obligatory afforestation or shrub planting).
EN
The main aim of this paper is to identify the processes of reproduction of fixed assets of farms in Poland leading agricultural accountancy of the FADN system. The time range of the analysis refers to the period 2004-2011 and is based on a sample of farms engaged in agricultural accounting of the FADN system. In the analyzed period (2004-2011) narrow reproduction processes were dominant in the analyzed group of farms. In the period of economic recovery in agriculture studied farms actively reproducing the productive assets , then the greater their share reached extended reproduction. There are significant differences in the process of reproduction due to the production profile, and above all the economic size of surveyed farms. One has noticed that the farms specialized in milk production modernization processes ensure almost the whole examined period extended reproduction, there has been an increase in investment. On the other hand, in non-specialist units we had to deal with a clear decapitalization of assets. Tested farms of economic size of 50-500 thousand EURO values of standard production usually recorded the extended reproduction, while those below 25 thousand narrow one.
EN
Sustainability, as a specific inter- or even transdisciplinary ‘metacategory’, refers also to monetary processes. So far, a financial approach of sustainability of farms has not been explored. The aim of this paper was to highlight some theoretical and methodological issues related to a financial dimension of sustainability of farms. The research objectives were as follows: (1) to link achievements in the area theoretical and methodological apparatus for sustainable growth (in financial terms) of farms to concepts of sustainability, (2) to identify associations between the growth of sustainable and selected agricultural farm management problems and agrarian policy. Relying on agricultural income category (including net farm income), excluding the farm’s financial situation, leads to a significant simplification that may deform an analytical framework for sustainability. The terms “sustainable growth”, “sustainable growth rate”, “sustainable intensification” may extend the current framework for analysing the sustainability of farms, as well as be a prerequisite for constructing/ improving instruments that may support farm management, or monitoring and evaluation of the effects of agricultural policy.
EN
Objectives This paper focuses on the normative solutions established under the Polish Rural Development Programme (RDP) 2014–2020 for the support of water-law companies involved in the protection of agricultural production against the consequences of adverse weather conditions such as flooding, partial flooding or torrential rain. Material and methods The paper aims to determine to what extent, if any, the aid ensures the continued operation of an agricultural producer (farm sustainability). In terms of methodology, the research relies chiefly on a dogmatic analysis of legal texts. Legal considerations are supplemented with statistical data under access to public information regulations. Results The study of the research material has revealed that water-law companies are more inclined to invest in the protection of the producer’s workplace when presented with favourable financial terms and clear legal regulations.With regard to operations performed by water-law companies to protect agricultural production against the effects of adverse weather conditions such as flooding, partial flooding, or excessive dampness caused by flooding or torrential rain, this aid has a narrow thematic scope and addresses the need for public intervention due to drainage and irrigation hazards. Conclusions It may be assumed that the analysed form of ex-ante support dedicated to water-law companies – “Support for investments in preventive measures for the mitigation of damage caused by probable natural disasters, adverse climatic phenomena, and catastrophic events” – ensures farm sustainability with respect to the explicitly identified risks.
PL
Celem opracowania jest analiza stanu bazy agroturystycznej w województwach mazowieckim i podlaskim. W roku 2015 przeprowadzono badania nad atrakcyjnością oraz opłacalnością prowadzenia agroturystyki. Badaniami objęto po 75 gospodarstw agroturystycznych w każdym województwie w okresie luty-sierpień. Zbadano średnią wielkość gospodarstw, średnią liczbę pokoi oraz łóżek. Obliczono średnie nakłady na promocję działalności agroturystycznej. Wyliczono wskaźnik wykorzystania pokoi. Wyniki skonfrontowano z innymi opracowaniami badaczy tej tematyki. Artykuł ma charakter badawczy.
EN
An aim of the study is to analyse the state of the agritourist base in Mazovian and Podlaskie Provinces. In 2015, there were carried out surveys on attractiveness and cost-effectiveness of running farm tourism. The surveys comprised by 75 agritourist farms in each province in the period from February to August. There were surveyed the average size of farms, the average number of rooms and beds. The researchers calculated the average expenses on promotion of agritourist activities. They computed the index of room usage. The results were confronted with the studies carried out by researchers of this subject matter. The article is of the research nature.
PL
Wprowadzenie nowej definicji gospodarstwa rolnego spowodowało, że status gospodarstwa rolnego utraciły gospodarstwa osób fizycznych i osób prawnych nieprowadzące działalności rolniczej (zarówno o obszarze 0-1 ha UR jak i o obszarze 1 ha UR i więcej), a także gospodarstwa indywidualne (osób fizycznych) do 1 ha UR prowadzące działalność rolniczą, ale realizujące produkcję rolniczą poniżej określonych progów tej produkcji. Spowodowało to zmniejszenie liczby gospodarstw rolnych, a także, przy tym w różnym stopniu, zmiany w poziomie wyposażenia ich w zasoby ziemi, pracy i kapitału. Zmianie uległy więc wskaźniki obrazujące poziom rozwoju rolnictwa, w tym tak powszechnie używane jak średnia powierzchnia gospodarstwa rolnego, nakłady pracy na 100 ha, produktywność pracy, ziemi i kapitału itd. W rezultacie, zdecydowana większość danych o gospodarstwach rolnych prezentowanych w publikacjach GUS do 2013 r. nie jest bezpośrednio porównywalna z danymi opracowanymi z wykorzystaniem nowej definicji. W prezentowanym opracowaniu podjęta została próba analizy zmian w liczbie i strukturze gospodarstw rolnych w latach 1990-2013 oraz w wyposażeniu ich w zasoby ziemi rolnej z uwzględnieniem nowej definicji gospodarstwa rolnego i regionalnego zróżnicowania tych zmian.
EN
Because of the new definition, the status of an agricultural holding was lost by holdings of natural and legal persons not running agricultural activity (both of 0-1 ha of UAA and 1 ha of UAA and more) and by private farms (of natural persons) up to 1 ha of UAA running agricultural activity, but executing agricultural production below the set production thresholds. This reduced the number of agricultural holdings and also caused changes, varied in degree, in the level of their provision with land, labour and capital resources. Hence, what changed were the indices illustrating the agriculture development level, including the very universal ones like average farm area, labour inputs per 100 ha, productivity of labour, land and capital, etc. Consequently, majority of data on farms presented in the publications of the Central Statistical Office of Poland until 2013 is not directly comparable with the data drawn up with the use of the new definition. The presented study attempted to analyse the changes in the number and structure of agricultural holdings in 1990-2013 and in their provision with land resources, considering the new definition of an agricultural holding and regional differentiation regarding these changes.
EN
The linkages and cooperation between public sector organizations and farmers for farm modernization have come under review in this paper. The importance of public services provided by particular organizations to the farmers has been defined for the evaluation purposes. Furthermore the analysis of services quality in the farmers’ opinion was made. The paper also presents the outcomes of analysis of farm size impact on the number of public organizations, which provided their services to the farm - in terms of both economic and physical size. Apart from the assessment of cooperation between public organizations and farms, the analysis of the in uence of institutional arrangement on the distribution of farm income and investment specificity was made.
PL
W opracowaniu podjęto próbę oceny współpracy organizacji sektora publicznego z gospodarstwami rolnymi na rzecz modernizacji gospodarstw rolnych. W ramach tej oceny określone zostało znaczenie usług poszczególnych organizacji świadczonych gospodarstwom rolnym. Ponadto przeprowadzona została analiza jakości usług poszczególnych organizacji w opinii rolników. W opracowaniu przedstawiono również wyniki analizy wpływu wielkości gospodarstwa – mierzonej zarówno powierzchnią użytków rolnych jak i poziomem nadwyżki bezpośredniej – na liczbę organizacji, z którymi gospodarstwo współdziałało. Oprócz oceny współpracy gospodarstw rolnych z organizacjami sektora publicznego podjęto ponadto próbę określenia znaczenia instytucjonalnych układów wspierania gospodarstw rolnych w kontekście dystrybucji uzyskiwanych dochodów oraz specyfiki działalności inwestycyjnej gospodarstw.
EN
The objective of this article was to present assets of Cistercians in Mogiła (village of Mogiła), in the form of four villages, which are located with in the limits Duchy of Zator, second half 13th century the first half of the 17th century. In the first part was presented and spoken all villages, which have Cistersians of the Duchy of Zator. Then the issue patronage Woźniki church in the village. Here was also raised the issue of churches located in other villages monastery in the said principality. In the last part of this article is the property of land monastery in the villages. With the help of tables has been presented the peasant population, the farm steads, live stock, as well as a list of water-mill, distilleries, breweries, inns and the joints. Amount of the population peasant, as well as the number of farm breeding, administration has helped to assess their prosperity and the development of every village, each one individually. In addition, such a way as to provide the information he can compare them. On this basis, it can be concluded, there fore, that the most profitable village in Duchy of Zator were Woźniki. Used source material allowed to display positive parties arising out of the ownership by the monks in the above the village. The stage of development farm steads in this area was closely linked to geographical conditions. It should be stressed here a significant role river Skawa, which created favourable conditions for fitting cistercians water-mills. In addition, monks diminished by development of various sectors of the economy, especially its own. This was to act in the above villages, inns, distillery, brewery or joints. Foster the development of, inter alia, orcharding, horticulture, fisheries. In addition download earliest references from every village collected rent. Villages, which monks previously acquired Duchy of Zator were an integral part of their assets by the end of first half of the seventeenth century.
EN
In the paper profitability of biogas production in livestock farms in Poland has been analyzed with a focus on micro biogas plants. Due to the high value of investments a crucial issue from the farmers point of view us a mechanism of financial support. The efficiency of investments has been measured assuming three variants of power of CHP installations. In addition two scenarios of financial support have been taken into consideration: the “old” mechanism of green certificates and a forthcoming mechanism based on the new “Law on Renewable Energy Resources” which is currently subject to the legislative procedure. The new system introduces feed-in tarrifs for small plants and auctions and guarantees of purchase for larger biogas plants. The results of the analyses indicate a strong dependence of the financial effects of microbiogas plants on subsidies. It can be concluded that under the current state of market development and financial support offered to microscale biogas production investments in biogas plants are in general not profitable.
PL
W artykule przeanalizowano opłacalność biogazowni rolniczych, które mogą być uruchamiane w polskich gospodarstwach prowadzących produkcję zwierzęcą. Ze względu na wysokie nakłady inwestycyjne, kluczową – z perspektywy rolników – jest kwestia mechanizmu wsparcia finansowego. Analizę efektywności inwestycji przeprowadzono przy założeniu trzech wariantów mocy jednostki kogeneracyjnej zainstalowanej w biogazowni. Dodatkowo rozpatrzono dwa scenariusze wsparcia finansowego odnoszące się do starego „systemu zielonych certyfikatów” oraz nowego mechanizmu wynikającego z „Ustawy o odnawialnych źródłach energii”. Nowy mechanizm, który powinien obowiązywać od 2016 r., zakłada wsparcie odnawialnych źródeł energii poprzez ceny gwarantowane (najmniejsze instalacje) oraz system akcji i gwarancje odkupu energii (większe instalacje). Wyniki analiz wskazują na silną zależność efektów finansowych od mechanizmu wsparcia. Przy przyjętych założeniach można stwierdzić, że inwestycje w biogazownie rolnicze na obecnym etapie rozwoju rynku charakteryzują się w zasadzie brakiem opłacalności.
EN
As the role of agriculture as a primary source of income of the population residing in rural areas is decreasing, it is necessary to create the possibility of supplementing income from agricultural production by income from non-agricultural activities. The creation of such opportunities is, however, associated with incurring many costs, often exceeding the financial capabilities of people involved in agriculture interested in moving to work in other sectors of the economy. Therefore, great importance of EU programs in the Rural Development Programme (RDP). The aim of this study is to verify the benefits gained by the farm by using support from the RDP – “Diversification into non-agricultur­al activities”, on the example of farm operating in poviat of Opole, and comparing achieved results with the objectives included in Axis 3 of the RDP. The studies related to the commencement of non-agricultural activities shows that the main objectives that guided the implementation such activities on the farm, is connected with the objectives of sustainable socio-economic development of rural areas.
PL
Wraz ze zmieniającą się rolą rolnictwa, jako podstawowego źródła dochodu ludności zamieszkałej na obszarach wiejskich, jest konieczne tworzenie możliwości uzupełniania dochodów z produkcji rolnej dochodami z działalności pozarolniczej. Utworzenie takich możliwości jest jednak związane z ponoszeniem wielu wydatków, często przewyższających możliwości finansowe osób związanych z rolnictwem, zainteresowanych przejściem do pracy w innych sektorach gospodarki. Stąd znaczenie programów unijnych, w tym Programu Rozwoju Obszarów Wiejskich (PROW). Celem badania była weryfikacja korzyści, jakie osiągnie gospodarstwo rolne poprzez wykorzystanie wsparcia ze środków PROW – „Różnicowanie w kierunku działalności nierolniczej” – na przykładzie gospodarstwa rolnego działającego na terenie powiatu opolskiego oraz porównanie osiągniętych efektów z założeniami Osi 3 PROW. Z badań związanych z rozpoczęciem działalności pozarolniczej wynika, iż główne cele, jakie przyświecały realizacji tej działalności w gospodarstwie rolnym, wiążą się z celami zrównoważonego rozwoju społeczno-go­spodarczego obszarów wiejskich.
18
75%
PL
Ziemia w rolnictwie stanowi jednocześnie najważniejszy środek produkcji i przedmiot pracy. W Polsce średnia powierzchnia gospodarstwa rolnego w 2015 r. wynosiła 10 ha użytków rolnych. Tymczasem, by osiągnąć wynagrodzenie za pracę takie samo jak poza rolnictwem, potrzeba 30 ha ziemi rolniczej. Stąd występuje duży popyt na ziemię. Jednym ze sposobów zaspokojenia tego popytu jest dzierżawa ziemi. W zależności od tego, kto jest właścicielem ziemi, wyróżniamy dzierżawy międzysąsiedzkie dotyczące gruntów prywatnych i dzierżawy działek ziemi z Zasobu Własności Rolnej Skarbu Państwa. Te dwa rodzaje dzierżaw mają swoją specyfikę i w sposób istotny różnią się od siebie. Dzierżawcy ziemi płacą na rzecz ich właścicieli czynsze dzierżawne. Ich wysokość szybko rośnie i wykazuje duże zróżnicowanie. Dzierżawa ziemi jest w polskim rolnictwie ważnym sposobem koncentracji produkcji i zmian struktury agrarnej. Ze względu na skomplikowany charakter problem dzierżawy ziemi rolniczej wymaga uregulowania prawnego w formie ustawy.
EN
In Poland agricultural land is both the most important means of production and the subject of labour. In 2015, the average farm area in Poland was 10 ha of agricultural land. Stanisław Urban 37 Nevertheless, it takes 30 ha of agricultural land to reach salary levels equal to those obtained in other branches of national economy. Thus the demand for agricultural land is high. Land tenancy constitutes one way of satisfying that demand. Depending on the nature of the ownership of the land, we distinguish between inter-neighbourly tenancy of privately-owned land and the tenancy of the land which is administered by the Agricultural Property Stock of the State Treasury. These two kinds of land tenancy have their own peculiarities and differ from each other significantly. Leaseholders of agricultural land pay the rent to its owners. The rent levels are rising sharply. Furthermore, a distinctive polarisation of payments for the various kinds of tenancy has been observed recently. In Poland, land tenancy is a significant way of production concentration and agrarian structure transformation. Taking into consideration its complex nature and a lot of potentially contentious problems it poses, the question of land tenancy needs to be regulated in the form of a legal act.
EN
Climate change is a serious threat to the safety of farms’ income. One of the key instruments in ensuring stabilization of farmers’ income is an agriculture insurance. The study aims to analyze determinants of joining the system of a voluntary agricultural insurance. The examination builds upon primary data collected by means of a questionnaire among 256 farmers in the Middle Pomerania region. Logistic regression was employed to test an impact of 18 quantitative and qualitative variables on the probability to join the voluntary agricultural insurance. The results show that the probability of agricultural insurance being used is positively influenced by (a) (higher) class of soil in a farm, (b) (larger) volume of the farm’s fixed assets, (c) occurrence of past damage and (d) (lower) cost of the voluntary insurance.
PL
Postępujące zmiany klimatyczne stanowią poważne zagrożenie dla bezpieczeństwa dochodów gospodarstw rolnych. Jednym z instrumentów mogących zapewnić stabilizację dochodów w rolnictwie jest ubezpieczenie. Celem badania było określenie czynników determinujących prawdopodobieństwo posiadania dobrowolnych ubezpieczeń rolnych. Badania przeprowadzono na grupie 256 rolników z regionu Pomorza Środkowego. Dane zostały zebrane przy wykorzystaniu kwestionariusza ankiety. Do zbadania wpływu wybranych czynników na prawdopodobieństwo posiadania dobrowolnych ubezpieczeń wykorzystano regresję logistyczną. Zestaw potencjalnych cech diagnostycznych stanowiło 18 zmiennych o charakterze jakościowym i ilościowym. Po dokonaniu formalnej selekcji cech, za pomocą regresji krokowej w tył, otrzymano cztery cechy, które mają statystycznie istotny oraz pozytywny wpływ na prawdopodobieństwo zawarcia umowy dobrowolnego ubezpieczenia rolnego. Są to: dominująca klasa gleb w gospodarstwie rolnym, zasoby środków trwałych gospodarstwa rolnego, wystąpienie szkody w przeszłości i wysokość składki dobrowolnego ubezpieczenia.
EN
The main objective of this paper is to identify the processes of accumulation and reproduction of fi xed assets on farms in Poland. In the analyzed period (2004–2011) there was considerable scope for diversifi cation of the agricultural situation in the case of accumulation in different years. The activity of the surveyed farms in terms of reproduction depends on their economic size of the economy. The most favorable situation, was in farms with size of 50–500 thousand EURO value of standard production, which indicates their signifi cant opportunities growth.
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