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EN
In the second decade of the 20th century (especially in the years 2016-2020), a significant number of films by Polish female directors were released in which Catholicism and the Catholic Church were attacked. They were: W imię… [In the Name of…], Body/ciało [Body], Twarz (Mug) and Córka boga [The Other Lamb] – all directed by Małgorzata Szumowska; Dzikie róże [Wild Roses] by Anna Jadowska, Pokot [Spoor] by Agnieszka Holland and Kasia Adamik, Wieża. Jasny dzień [Tower. A Bright Day] by Jagoda Szelc, Powrót, [Back Home] by Magdalena Łazarkiewicz, Maryjki [Marygoround] by Daria Woszek, as well as a documentary Komunia  [Communion] by Anna Zamecka. The polemic related to the above-mentioned movies commented on the religiosity of Catholics and the quality of the institutional church (priests, hierarchies, methods of ministering and teaching), religious control and repression of corporeality and sexuality (including female sexuality), and Catholicism as the foundation of the patriarchal system. These films also feature elements of the "positive program", a proposal for a new cultural paradigm (new spirituality), organized around Nature, with the suggestion of matriarchy. From the point of view of social communication, the content and poetics of above-mentioned the films were similar, according to the author, to the content of the protests of the Ogólnopolski Strajk Kobiet (Polish Women's Strike), which demonstrated in 2016 and 2020 against the tightening of abortion laws.
EN
The subject of this paper is a new generation of female directors in former Yugoslav (Croatia, Serbia, Bosnia and Herzegovina) cinematography. It considers the stylistic, narrative and representational strategies in the films Clip (Klip, 2012) by Maja Miloš, Sonja and the Bull (Sonja i bik, 2012) by Vlatka Vorkapić, Our Everyday Life (Naša svakodnevna priča, 2015) by Ines Tanović, Zagreb Cappuccino (2014) by Vanja Sviličić, Trampoline (Trampolin, 2016) by Zrinka Katarina Matijević, You Carry Me (Ti mene nosiš, 2015) by Ivona Juka, and Quit Staring at My Plate (Ne gledaj mi u pijat, 2016) by Hana Jušić. The movies are related through conceptual, thematic and/or stylistic features. They examine the position of female protagonists in a patriarchal society and their daily experiences, wherein they dissect gender, economic and social problems that exist in countries in the territory of former Yugoslavia.
EN
The article is devoted to female teachers and students of the Faculty of Directing of the Polish Institute of Theatre Arts (PIST). It presents the current state of research concerning the school and the faculty. It briefly recalls the history and the curriculum, and the process of admission of candidates. Furthermore, it provides new biographical information on male and female students, and highlights the role played by Jadwiga Turowicz and Stanisława Wysocka in the establishment of the school and the educational process. It presents profiles of women studying directing and their achievements. Special attention is paid to their fate during the Second World War. The article is supplemented by an appendix which presents brief biographies of women associated with the Faculty of Directing of the PIST.
PL
Kwestie kariery artystycznej rzadko podejmowane są przez polskich socjologów. Artykuł jest analizą prac wybranych współczesnych polskich reżyserek filmowych i teatralnych. W niniejszym opracowaniu wykorzystano źródła zastane (monografie i badania naukowe, publikacje prasowe i internetowe, wywiady z reżyserami) oraz źródła pierwotne: wywiady z twórcami polskich teatrów dramatycznych przeprowadzone w ramach badań własnych. Kobiety w polskim teatrze i filmie powoli rozbijają szklany sufit i zajmują należne im miejsce w panteonie artystów, mających wiele do powiedzenia na temat współczesnej rzeczywistości. Polskie reżyserki są prawdziwymi indywidualistkami, mają swój charakterystyczny styl, niemniej łączy je to, że mierzą się w twórczości z ważnymi problemami społecznymi. Ich kreatywność nie jest nacechowana feministycznie, płeć w pracy twórczej ma drugorzędne znaczenie.
EN
The issue of artistic careers is rarely tackled by Polish sociologists. The article is an analysis of the work of selected contemporary Polish female film and theater directors. The present study exploits secondary sources (monographs and scientific studies, press and internet publications, interviews with directors) and primary sources: interviews with creators of Polish drama theaters conducted as part of the authors’ own research. Women in Polish theater and film are slowly breakingthe glass ceiling and they are taking their rightful place in the pantheon of artists who have a lot to say about our difficult modern times. Polish directors are true individuals however they raise important social problems. Their creativity is not feminist. They have their own signature style and their sex is of secondary importance.
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