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Ženská obřízka v soudobé společnosti

100%
Jaroslava H.
Littera Scripta
|
2008
|
vol. 2
95-108
EN
Female Genital Mutilation (also known as female genital cutting or female circumcision) refers to all procedures involving partial or total removal of the external female genitalia (clitorodotomy, reduction, infibulation – pharaonic circumcision). The practice exists despite of modernizing, public education and legislative procuration. About 100 million girls and women in the world are estimated to have undergone such procedures approximately in 40 countries, especially in Africa. Most resources say that female genital cutting is primarily a cultural practice, no religious matter. The practice is a global problem too. Migrants and immigrants produce their tradition into final destination to retaine their cultural identity. Female genital cutting is an institutionalised manifestation of force commited on women.
2
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Rituální úpravy ženských pohlavních orgánů v diaspoře : k účinné ochraně dívek

100%
La Barbera M.
Gender a výzkum / Gender and Research
|
2019
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vol. 20
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issue 1
18-38
EN
This article focuses on the ritual modifications of female genitalia. It compares interventions in male and female genitalia on the one hand and ritual and cosmetic female interventions on the other in order to show the double standard used in Western countries. The main goal is to call for a more complex articulation of gender at the intersection with migration status, ethnicity, and neo-colonial relations and to argue in favour of more effective ways to abandon practices that are dangerous for young girls.
3
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Female genital mutilation in light of Polish criminal law

75%
Banasik K.
Progress in Health Sciences
|
2015
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vol. 5
|
issue 2
216-228
EN
Introduction: Female genital mutilation is a practice that causes devastating physical, psychological, and social consequences for girls and women. Female genital mutilation is internationally recognized as a violation of the human rights of girls and women.Purpose:To examine whether women are appropriately protected against female genital mutilation under Polish criminal law, in particular, whether a special criminal offence should be created.Materials and methods:The international legal acts, reports and other online available data related to female genital mutilation have been examined. The provisions of the Polish Penal Code and the relevant regulations of English criminal law have been analysed. Moreover, judgements of the Polish courts and the literature have also been the subject of research.Results:In Poland, there is no special legislation on female genital mutilation. However, female genital mutilation is punishable under general criminal law provisions. Female genital mutilation is a criminal offence and can be prosecuted as a form of grievous bodily injury or as a form of bodily injury and impairment to health.Conclusions:Alegislative action is needed to ensure that acts of female genital cutting are criminalized irrespective of the place of their commission. The Polish criminal lawmaker should make female genital mutilation exempt from the condition of double criminalization.
4
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Etyczne aspekty "obrzezania"

71%
Wiśniowska K.
Analiza i Egzystencja. Czasopismo Filozoficzne
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2020
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vol. 51
45-64
EN
Female genital mutilation includes procedures which remove or cause injury to some or all women’s external genital organs. There are a lot of medical risks involved - nevertheless, in some societies it is mainstream practice, carried out mostly on girls younger then fifteen years of age. There are some similarities between female genital mutilation and male circumcision: young age of people who are being subjected to those procedures, and - to some extend - symbolic meaning and risk of harm. Female genital mutilation is strictly banned in Western countries, while male circumcision is accepted. In this paper, it is considered if it would be acceptable to make compromise in the case of female genital mutilation in the form of so-called Seattle compromise.
PL
Okaleczanie żeńskich genitaliów (ang. female genital mutilation, FGM) to zbiorcze określenie dotyczące praktyk usuwania lub uszkadzania w inny sposób niektórych lub wszystkich zewnętrznych narządów płciowych kobiet. Praktyki tego typu są w części społeczności przeprowadzane powszechnie na dziewczynkach poniżej piętnastego roku życia, pomimo istnienia przeciwskazań medycznych. Obrzezanie chłopców jest w wielu aspektach podobne do okaleczania żeńskich genitaliów: osoby poddawane najczęściej tym zabiegom są bardzo młode, można również wskazać na pewne podobieństwa dotyczące symboliki tych procedur. Ponadto, obrzezanie chłopców również niesie za sobą ryzyko krzywdy, zwłaszcza w wypadku ewentualnych błędów medycznych przy jego wykonywaniu. FGM jest w zachodnim świecie zwalczane, obrzezanie chłopców - dopuszczane. W tekście rozważane jest, czy dopuszczalne byłoby podejście kompromisowe do kwestii FGM, w postaci tzw. kompromisu z Seattle.
5
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Ochrona przed okaleczaniem narządów płciowych kobiet (FGM) w prawie uchodźczym : specyfika i główne problemy systemowe

51%
Gruszka M.
Problemy Współczesnego Prawa Międzynarodowego, Europejskiego i Porównawczego
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2017
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vol. 15
143-167
EN
The main issue discussed in this paper is the question of characteristic features and main problems of the universal refugee law system based on the Geneva Convention relating to the Status of Refugee from 1951 with its 1967 Protocol applied in cases of fear of Female Genital Mutilation. Referring to the concept of positive obligations of states and its horizontal effect developed by European Court of Human Rights, the paper points out the difficulties of protection from FGM caused by its different socio-cultural and legal aspects. It examines theoretical and practical issues that raises during the process of interpretation and application of the Convention, it takes into consideration states' jurisprudence as well as influential work of United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees that helped to develop the good practice.
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