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EN
This article is a plea for a non-biblical approach to biblical texts, the so called “Rezeptionsästhetik” (aesthetics of reception). Important points of this approach are reading biblical texts as fictional (poetic) texts and the reader’s role in decoding the texts according to his “encyclopaedia”. Using aesthetics of reception in interpreting Bible texts can contribute to the better acceptance of different points of view on the same scripture passage and to more respect and understanding between the different religious traditions concerning biblical interpretation.
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Narcyzm, obraz, disco polo

88%
EN
The article traces the affinities between cultural narcissism on the one hand and the representation of individual and collective identities in visual media on the other. By referring to a body of research on narcissism, the author establishes a connection between identity deficits, compensation strategies and individualization in order to claim that contemporary disco polo videos — in their popular generic form — are a reservoir of visual conventions that underscore certain anxieties that can be observed in twenty-first century Polish society.
EN
The paper presents the Czech-Jewish writer Josef Bor (1906–1979) and his first published book, the novel Opuštěná panenka / The Abandoned Doll (1961). Bor’s topic here was his own personal experience of the Holocaust: from his deportation to Terezín and later to Auschwitz, where he loses his entire family including two little daughters, via captivity in other concentration camps and „marches of death“ all the way to liberation, occurring in his case close to Jena, Germany. On the basis of these prominently autobiographic references, the reviewers often emphasized that the work has primarily documentary character. The present essay, on the other hand, views The Abandoned Doll primarily as a literary fiction wherein the fate of the protagonist and his family is, rather than documentary, of an exemplary, symbolic nature. The primary goal of the novel is not to represent a particular authentic case but rather to give a broad idea, anchored in a particular case, of the functioning of the Holocaust as a machinery of total humiliation and systematic killing
EN
This study focuses on the issues surrounding texts that refer to an author’s life while deliberately including fictionality within the autobiographical testimony, i.e. via autofiction and fictional meta-autobiography. The fictional elements in this kind of writing often serve as a tool for self-reflection. Using specific narrative techniques, for example, these works comment on the issue of autobiographical memory, the epistemological (in)accessibility of the past, and the narrative construction of identity. This study endeavours to link the reflections of contemporary narratologists on fictional and non-fictional narration with an analysis of autofictional and meta-autobiographical works. The first section deals briefly with the issue of fictionality, presenting the rhetorical theory (of H. S. Nielsen, J. Phelan and R. Walsh), which enables us to perceive fictionality outside fiction as a component of factual communication about the real world. The following section focuses on the meta-autobiographical text Montauk by the Swiss author Max Frisch: it illustrates the method of including fictionality in an autobiographical text as a way to reflect on remembering, and on the possibilities of depicting one’s own life and creating one’s own I by writing. This analysis is linked to a brief excursus into narrative construction in autobiographical narration, primarily in connection with personal identity. The next section of the article briefly summarizes the differencs between classial autobiographies and contemporary self-reflectively inclined autobiographies and autofictions. It presents the category of fictional meta-autobiographies, which it includes in the broader framework of autofictional texts, and presents an (incomplete) summary of the many definitions and forms of autofiction. This is followed by an analysis of the second example of fictional metaautobiography, A Heartbreaking Work of Staggering Genius by American author Dave Eggers, which ironically deconstructs the convention of autobiographical writing. The conclusion of the study points out the differences in the way fictionality is included in the works presented, forming the basis for a division of fictional meta-autobiographies in accordance with the kind of reading instructions which they present to readers: Montauk represents works that help the reader to switch between a fictional and an autobiographical interpretation method by indicating which parts or aspects are invented and which stay true to real events; on the other hand, texts like A Heartbreaking Work of Staggering Genius provide relatively few indications to help readers distinguish fictional elements and identify authentically autobiographical moments.
PL
W swoim artykule autorka koncentruje się na fikcyjności w powieści, problemie, który wzbudzał zainteresowanie badaczy i pisarzy od czasu, kiedy powstały pierwsze teksty narracyjne, a powieść ukształtowała się jako gatunek literacki. Odnosząc się do przykładów zaczerpniętych z wielu literatur (głównie amerykańskiej, lecz także angielskiej, francuskiej i rosyjskiej), badaczka śledzi sposoby, w jaki rozumiano narrację, analizuje rozmaite podejścia do takich zagadnień, jak (nie)prawdopodobieństwo, fałszerstwo, wydarzenia nierzeczywiste oraz nazwy własne w utworze fikcyjnym. Ponieważ skupia się w swoich obserwacjach na czytelniku, odnosi się też do pojęcia efektu emocjonalnego i zawieszenia niewiary (w rozumieniu Samuela Coleridge’a), aby pokazać związek między postacią fikcyjną a czytelnikiem. Przekonująco dowodzi, że rozwój XVIII-wiecznej literatury oznaczał również wzmożony rozwój fikcyjności, ponieważ czytelnicy w tym czasie byli już w dużym stopniu świadomi tego, że utwór fikcyjny jest niereferencyjny i nie odnosi się do żadnej osoby, sytuacji ani miejsca istniejących w rzeczywistości.
EN
Gallagher’s focus of interest in the paper is fictionality in the novel – the issue that has been troubling scholars and novel writers from the moment the first narratives were issued and the novelistic form took its shape as a literary genre. Referring to examples from various literatures (mainly American, but also English, French, and Russian), the researcher traces the modes in which narration was conceived, examines the changing concept of referentiality, scrutinises the various approaches to the (in)credible, falsehood, imaginary events, and proper names in a fictional composition. Since her observations in majority are reader-oriented, she refers to the concept of emotional effect and the suspension of disbelief (in Samuel Coleridge’s view) to observe the relationship between the fictional character and the public. Gallagher convincingly proves that the development of 18th-century literature mirrors a rise of fictionality since readers of that time became increasingly familiarised with the notion of fiction that is non-referential and detached from real-world figures, places, and circumstances.
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