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Existují místa nedourčenosti? Ingardenova koncepce literárního díla, řeč a reálné entity skutečnosti

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Papoušek V.
Slovo a smysl - Word & Sense
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2019
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vol. 16
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issue 32
194-202
EN
This article poses the crucial question whether ‘places of indeterminacy’ discussed in the work of Roman Ingarden really exist. The author resolves the problem using the theory of speech acts. His main thesis is based on the belief that language does not represent places in the real world. On various examples of literary texts he tries to show how literature depends only on language and speech acts. The aim of the article is not to call Ingarden’s concept into question but to consider new ways we may think about this problem — the relation between signs and real objects.
2
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Iluzivní postupy ve vzpomínkových textech Ignáta Herrmanna

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Změlík R.
Bohemistyka
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2020
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issue 1
22-54
EN
The paper is focused on the memory books by czech writer Ignát Herrmann, especially on the problem of border between nonfiction and fictional narrative. Herrmann drawn up his memory books as factual narrative, however but in some parts of his texts we can observe interesting narrative techniques, which shifts the narration towards fictionality. Our goal in this study is detected this parts and analysis them on the background not only the others parts, which are represented factual narration, but in compare with fictional narration by Jan Neruda.  
CS
Studie je zaměřena na vzpomínkové knihy Ignáta Herrmanna, zejména na problematiku hranice mezi non-fikčním a fikčním vyprávěním. Herrmann svoje knihy vzpomínek koncipoval jako faktuální vyprávění, nicméně v některých jeho částech lze pozorovat zvláštní narativní techniky, jež fikcionalizují vyprávění. Naším cílem je tyto části detekovat a analyzovat na pozadí nejen ostatního Herrmannova faktuálního vyprávění, ale také ve srovnání s fikčním u Jana Nerudy.
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Označil Aristotelés sókratovské dialógy za fiktívny literárny žáner?

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Kalaš A., Škvrnda F.
Filosofický časopis (Philosophical Journal)
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2019
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vol. 67
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issue 5
787-796
EN
Socratic literature is often considered to be a fictitious literary genre that does not contain any serious historical features. It is simply dichtung. Modern scholars often resort to Aristotle as the ultimate referee for their skeptical attitude towards the solution of the so-called Socratic question or Socratic problem. This paper aims to do justice to Aristotle’s own words and argues that there is no conclusive evidence that he ever called Socratic literature a fictitious genre.
SK
Sókratovská literatúra je často považovaná za fiktívny literárny žáner, ktorý neobsahuje žiadne dôležité historické prvky. Je to jednoducho dichtung. Moderní bádatelia sa vo svojich skeptických postojoch k tzv. sókratovskej otázke alebo probléme často opierajú o Aristotela ako hlavného rozhodcu. Cieľom tohto príspevku je pokúsiť sa čo možno najlepšie vystihnúť Aristotelove vlastné slová a argumentovať v prospech toho, že v skutočnosti neexistuje presvedčivá evidencia o tom, že vo svojich spisoch označil sókratovskú literatúru za fiktívny žáner.
4
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Za hranice fikčního světa: od ozvláštnění k estetické zkušenosti

100%
Skalický D.
Svět literatury – Časopis pro novodobé literatury (World of Literature – Journal for Modern Literatures)
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2016
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vol. 53
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issue 26
65-82
EN
The study turns back to Shklovkyʼs term defamiliarization and Jakobsonʼs poetic function to show that, despite they are still stimulating aesthetic conceptions exposing the social role of art, they cannot wholly explain what happens during reading a work of art. Theories of fictional worlds can clarify more, showing that the semantic energy rising from defamiliarization makes us to create an autonomous fictional world. However, the semantic energy of art goes also beyond such a world — it becomes a part of our experience resonating in our future life. A few conceptions of aesth
5
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Skaz a Michail Zoščenko

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Kosáková H.
Svět literatury – Časopis pro novodobé literatury (World of Literature – Journal for Modern Literatures)
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2019
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vol. 60
117-130
EN
The present study deals with the narrative strategy which B. Eikhenbaum explored during the first two decades of the 20th century, and which is closely connected with the spontaneous verbal praxis. The Russian writer Mikhail Zoshchenko (1894–1958) offered a wide scale of application of this strategy in his work, including the communication with his readers. The goal of the study is to examine Zoshchenko’s variable types of skaz usage, and to offer alternative readings of his texts.
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O historické fikci a jejích žánrech

80%
Schubertová A.
Svět literatury – Časopis pro novodobé literatury (World of Literature – Journal for Modern Literatures)
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2021
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vol. 31
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issue 2
141-149
EN
From the Romance to the Novel and Back Again by Ladislav Nagy is dedicated to the topic of historical prose. The author analyses the theoretical debate about the relationship between fictional and historical writing, and he also examines the generic development of English historical fiction. In the passages dedicated to the narrative aspects of history, Nagy offers a persuasive criticism of Hayden White’s distinction between fictional and historical writing, and sees an alternative to it in Paul Ricœur’s theory of narrative. In the second line of argumentation Nagy presents a thesis that historical prose has developed from the romance genre, and through a short diversion to novel it returns to romance again. He analyses Scott’s novel Waverley, which famously defines itself against romance, as a romance, and he uses the same term for postmodern historical fiction. This thesis seems less plausible to me as Nagy’s definition of both novel and romance genres is problematic.
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Básník jako oběť, svědek i žalobce: kontradějiny v básnické skladbě Ivana Diviše Moje oči musely vidět (1987-1989)

80%
Vojvodík J.
Česká literatura (Czech Literature)
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2022
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vol. 70
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issue 1
29-57
EN
Ivan Diviš’s My Eyes had to See (1987–1989) can be considered one of the finest poetic creations and performances of Czech poetry at the end of the 20th century. Its powerful effect lies in the fact that it combines poetic testimony, (auto)biographical intimacy, a suprapersonal, generally applicable message and a reflection on universal history and the modern Czech history of the last century in both fiction and fact. It is as if the identity of the poet is actually determined by the testimony: the poet is the one who sees, must see, and bear witness to what he sees.
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Co je realismus ve fikci (některé koncepce v angloamerické literární vědě)

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Charypar M.
Slovo a smysl - Word & Sense
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2021
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vol. 18
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issue 36
43-63
EN
This study provides analysis and summaries of some of the leading theoretical conceptions of realism in literature in its relation to the ‘real world’, as formulated by American and English critics 1960 to present, including Lillian R. Furst, Harry E. Shaw, George Levine, Michael Riffaterre, Nelson Goodman, and Hayden White — introducing some of them to the Czech milieu for the first time. While several are formulated in clearly apologetic terms, representing realism as an important poetics on par with others (e.g. modernism), most of the theorists here attempt either to rid realism of its dependence on direct mimesis and highlight its creative potential, or else emphasize the realists’ ontological claim to truth in art. In its second half, the study also deals with the main problems of literary history that are linked to, or associated with, these theories, namely, with so-called ‘modern’ realism from its historical beginnings (Erich Auerbach), with the problematic relation between realism and the historical novel, and with the internal classification of 19th century realism and/or plurality of realist poetics.
9
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Antigona je mrtvá? Ať žije Isména?

71%
Matějčková T.
Slovo a smysl - Word & Sense
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2018
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vol. 15
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issue 29
87-98
EN
Who is Antigone for modern man? The author takes the Hegelian interpretation as the background against which contemporary readings of Antigone appear. She emphasizes the fact that in the now popular readings, Antigone is — as in Judith Butler’s interpretation — a spokeswoman of the wretched and disadvantaged. Even though Butler retains Antigone’s heroic nature she places it in the service of the disadvantaged. In Mary C. Rawlinson’s reading, her heroic individuality is openly criticized, or this aspect is tempered as in the case of Bonnie Honig’s interpretation. In this context, Ismene’s rehabilitation is especially telling. Stressing Ismene as the true heroin, the authors focus on the openness for compromise and willingness to transform Antigone’s rage into new opportunities. The author takes this to be a confirmation of Hegel’s death of tragedy in modernity. Despite the popularity of Antigone today, the Greek heroin loses its grandiosity and monstrosity. The (post) modern Antigone now appears as a prosaic character fit to inhabit a modernity that shows more understanding for the innocence of the victim than the ambiguity of the hero.
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Pozitivismus vs. iusnaturalismus : opravdu jen přeceňovaný pseudoproblém, nebo spíše úhelný kámen řešení otázky legitimity práva?

61%
Kosinka J. P.
Právník. Teoretický časopis pro otázky státu a práva (The Lawyer - Scientific Review for Problems of State and Law)
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2019
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vol. 158
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issue 5
489-502
EN
Nowadays, it is possible to encounter, with increasing frequency, allegations that the distinction between the positive and the natural law concepts is not very beneficial in practice. There are, of course, opposite voices, even from the top experts in the field, such as Professor Alexy, as Pavel Holländer reminds us.The author of the present paper does not share the belief that differences between the two basic concepts of law are not important. He also does not share conviction of the gradual blending of both basic approaches (at least in the theoretical field). In my text The Metaphysical Assumptions of Human Rights, I have already highlighted one of the aspects arising from the difference between the two perspectives of the concept of law, which is that if theories based on nominalistic concept (positivism) are consistently drawn into their logical conclusions, they regularly lead to the conclusion about the fictitiousness even of normativism itself. I have already pointed out another problematic aspect connected with the positivist concept in my diploma thesis by referring to Ota Weinberger’s quotation, which rejects the sanctioning theory of the legal norm on the grounds that it introduces the concept of a person who is adequately behaving only under the threat of repression. The third major difference between the concept of natural law and the positivistic one will be offered in this work. I am convinced that it is the implication of the idea of retroactive making of law within the positivist perspective.
CS
V dnešní době se lze s čím dál větší frekvencí setkat s tvrzeními, že rozlišování mezi pozitivní a přirozenoprávní koncepcí práva není v praxi příliš přínosné. Ozývají se samozřejmě i opačné hlasy, a to i z úst špiček v oboru, jako např. profesora Alexyho, jak to připomíná Pavel Holländer. Ani autor předkládané stati nesdílí přesvědčení o nevýznamnosti rozdílů obou základních koncepcí pojetí práva. Nesdílí rovněž ani přesvědčení o postupném splývání obou základních přístupů (minimálně v teoretické oblasti). Již dříve jsem ve svém textu Metafyzické předpoklady lidských práv upozornil na jeden z aspektů vyplývající z odlišnosti obou perspektiv pojetí práva, který spočívá v tom, že pokud jsou na nominalismu založené teorie (pozitivismus) dovedeny důsledně do svých logických závěrů, potom se pravidelně dospívá k závěru o fiktivnosti dokonce samotné normativity. Na další problematický aspekt spojený s pozitivistickým pojetím jsem poukazoval již ve své diplomové práci odkazem na citát Oty Weinbergera, který sankční teorii právní normy odmítá z toho důvodu, že navozuje představu člověka jako toho, kdo se adekvátně chová jen pod hrozbou represe. Třetímu podstatnému rozdílu mezi pojetím iusnaturalistickým a pozitivistickým bych se chtěl věnovat v této práci. Domnívám se, že jím je implikace představy retroaktivního normování v rámci pozitivistické perspektivy.
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Nebezpečí totalitarismu universalistických koncepcí

51%
Kosinka J. P.
Právník. Teoretický časopis pro otázky státu a práva (The Lawyer - Scientific Review for Problems of State and Law)
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2019
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vol. 158
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issue 3
283-306
EN
The basic philosophical-theoretical division of law (iusnaturalism vs. positivism) is associated with two different conceptions of an ontologically ideal world that is either pluralistic or universal. Each of these two basic concepts, according to Pavel Holländer, has consequences not only ontological, but also noetic and axiological. From the position of representatives of relativistic concepts, there is often a serious criticism of universalism in the sense that they are the ideological foundation of totalitarian political systems and, in general, the restriction of individual freedom. In this paper, I would like to take this objection seriously and, in an imaginary discussion with the views of several important representatives of this critical attitude (Isaiah Berlin, Bertrand Russell, John N. Gray, Ota Weinberger), to consider the validity of their objections, the relationship between philosophy and politics, namely universal noetic, ontology and axiology and political totalitarianism. In conclusion, I would like to present my own solution to the possible relationship of metaphysical universalism and political freedom.
CS
Základní filosoficko-teoretické rozdělení v oblasti práva (iusnaturalismus vs. positivismus) bývá v literatuře spojováno se dvěma rozdílnými představami o deonticky ideálním světě, který je buď humovsky pluralitní, nebo tomisticky universální. Každá z těchto dvou základních představ má podle Pavla Holländera konsekvence nejen ontologické, nýbrž i noetické a axiologické. Z pozice představitelů relativistických koncepcí zaznívá často závažná výtka vůči universalismu v tom smyslu, že jsou ideovým fundamentem totalitárních politických systémů a obecně omezování svobody jednotlivce. V této práci bych chtěl vzít tuto námitku vážně a v pomyslné diskusi s názory několika významných zástupců tohoto kritického postoje (Isaiah Berlin, Bertrand Russell, John N. Gray, Ota Weinberger) se zamyslet nad platností jejich námitek, nad vztahem filosofie a politiky, universalistické noetiky, ontologie a axiologie a politického totalitarismu. Na závěr bych rád předestřel vlastní řešení možného vztahu metafyzického universalismu a politické svobody.
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